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Passage 1
The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.
To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extensive research shows this part of the brain works in combination with the hippocampus to retrieve specific memories. If the hippocampus is the search engine, the prefrontal cortex is the filter determining which memory is the most relevant. This suggests that storing information alone is not enough for a good memory. The brain also needs to be able to access the relevant information without being distracted by similar competing pieces of information.
In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine, for instance, that you lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number (PIN). Research in this field suggests that each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one: This process improves access to relevant information, without old memories interfering. When we acquire new information, the brain automatically tries to incorporate it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve information, both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled. The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, as its importance begins to be more appreciated.
According to the passage, which part of our brain is traditionally considered to be fundamental tothe formation of new memories?
细节题。根据第六段中的“This change was most prominent in regions near the frontof the brain，such as the prefrontal codex，rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain， such as thehippocampus，which is traditionally associated with memory loss”可知，记忆变化的主要结构 在前额皮质，但传统上认为与丧失记忆有关的部位是大脑中部。
设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和听力语言素材，设计一节英语听力课的教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但必须包含下列要点：
●teaching objectives
●teaching contents
●key and difficult points
●major steps and time allocation
●activities and justifications
教学时间：45分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通中学八年级(初中二年级)学生，班级人数40人。多数已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》三级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
Yu Gong Moves a Mountain
Once upon a time，there was a very old man．There were two mountains near his house．They were so big and high that it took a long way to walk to the other side．The old man told his family that they should all help him to move the mountains．
Yu Gong said they could put them into the sea because it's big enough to hold everything．Yu Gong and his family began to move some of the soil and stone into the sea．
One day a mall saw Yu Gong and his children when they were working on moving the mountains．He told Yu Gong that he could never do it because he was old and weak．
As soon as the man finished talking，Yu Gong said that his family could continue to move the mountains after he died．His family would live and grow，but the mountains could not get bigger．So Yu Gong and his family kept on digging day after day and year after year．
Finally，a god was so moved by Yu Gong that he sent two gods to take the mountains away．
This story reminds US that you can never know what’s possible unless you try to make it happen．
请简要分析该教师的行为体现了教学反馈的什么要求。
教学片段：
T：What’s the theme of the passageWhy do you think soStudent A，please．
A：The passage is about the invention of table tennis．
T：Good．Any other ideasStudent B．
B：It is about who invents the table tennis．
T：OK，sit down please．Anyone else
(After a minute．)
T：OK．Who agrees with Student APlease raise your hand．
(Some students raise their hand．)
T：Who agrees with Student B
(Some other students raise their hand．)
T：Great．Now let’s read the passage again，and pay attention to the first sentence of each para graph．Let’s work out together whose opinion is the main idea of the passage，A’s or B’s．
任务型教学法采用活动途径，倡导体验参与。请简述如何理解“活动”一词。
In a Total Physical Response classroom．the students listen attentively and respond_________to commands given by the teacher．
Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs_______you could have problems．
Which can be the while-listening activity in the following activities
It was not until near the end of the letter_________she mentioned her own plan．
One question that all approaches of language teaching should answer is“_______”
Liberia，the oldest independent Negro state in West Africa，has been struggling for survival ever since its foundation in 1822．Progress has been hampered by constant hostility between the American
Negroes whose families returned there in the early 19th century，and the West Africans whose ancestors never left the continent．Though the two groups are of the same race，they are divided by language and outlook and regard each other with deep suspicion creating a conflict which was not foreseen by Liberia’s founders．
In addition，neighboring states，native tribe，disease，and poverty have made life dangerous and difficult．The government has tried desperately，through loans and a trickle of trade，to make ends meet．Anxiety about financial matters lessened somewhat when，in l910，the United States accepted responsibility for Liberia’s survival．However，not until Harvey Firestone，the American rubber king，
decided that the United States must produce its own rubber--with Liberia as the site of the rubber plantations-did Liberia have much hope of paying its debts and balancing its budget．
The rubber industry，founded in the l 920s，and the activity that followed it brought both progress and profit to Liberia．Before that time Liberia had DO roads，no mechanical transport and no good port；its people had little education and few tools．Liberians feel that the country is being ruled by rubber．
For this reason，the recent discovery of iron ore is important．Liberian leaders are trying to moderate the power of the rubber industry and to establish the country’s political and economic independence．
The best title for this passage is__________．
Liberia，the oldest independent Negro state in West Africa，has been struggling for survival ever since its foundation in 1822．Progress has been hampered by constant hostility between the American
Negroes whose families returned there in the early 19th century，and the West Africans whose ancestors never left the continent．Though the two groups are of the same race，they are divided by language and outlook and regard each other with deep suspicion creating a conflict which was not foreseen by Liberia’s founders．
In addition，neighboring states，native tribe，disease，and poverty have made life dangerous and difficult．The government has tried desperately，through loans and a trickle of trade，to make ends meet．Anxiety about financial matters lessened somewhat when，in l910，the United States accepted responsibility for Liberia’s survival．However，not until Harvey Firestone，the American rubber king，
decided that the United States must produce its own rubber--with Liberia as the site of the rubber plantations-did Liberia have much hope of paying its debts and balancing its budget．
The rubber industry，founded in the l 920s，and the activity that followed it brought both progress and profit to Liberia．Before that time Liberia had DO roads，no mechanical transport and no good port；its people had little education and few tools．Liberians feel that the country is being ruled by rubber．
For this reason，the recent discovery of iron ore is important．Liberian leaders are trying to moderate the power of the rubber industry and to establish the country’s political and economic independence．
The Liberians’attitude on“to improve a bit”is__________．
