2019上半年教师资格证考试《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初级

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1 单选题 1分

Passage 2

For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy;however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit,nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s, though, that wrapped,factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass-production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Bumett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory.Inspired by Milton Hershey's success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular producter, peanut butter cups. In 1963, Hershe

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正确答案：B

本题解析：

主旨题。本文主要讲述了万圣节糖果的起源以及各个历史时期糖果的名字和品牌。B 项“万 圣节糖果的起源和历史”可以较全面地概括文章主旨，故本题选 B。

2 单选题 1分

Passage 2

For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy;however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit,nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s, though, that wrapped,factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass-production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Bumett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory.Inspired by Milton Hershey's success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular producter, peanut butter cups. In 1963, Hershe

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正确答案：C

本题解析：

细节题。由最后一段中的“The name is said to be derived from a London literary and political group…”可知，该名字来源于伦敦一个文学和政治组织，故本题选 C。

3 单选题 1分

Passage 2

For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy;however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit,nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s, though, that wrapped,factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass-production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Bumett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory.Inspired by Milton Hershey's success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular producter, peanut butter cups. In 1963, Hershe

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正确答案：C

本题解析：

细节题。由第二段中的“Company founder Milton Hershey…affordable for average Americans” 可知，Milton Hershey 是批量生产牛奶巧克力棒并把它从奢侈品变为普通食品的先驱，而不是专门为富人生产牛奶 巧克力棒，故 A 项错误。由第二段中的“…and Hershey’S Kisses made their debut in 1907”可知，Hershey’ S Kisses 首次出现在 1907 年，故 B 项错误。由该段中的“In 1917，Harry Burner Reese…worked atits factory” 和“In the mid-1920s，he built a factory of his own…”可知，Milton Hershey 曾雇用过 Harry Burnett Reese， 且后者后来创办了自己的工厂，故 C项正确。根据第三段中的“Forrest Mars relocated to England，where he created the Mars bar in the early 1930s．In 1941，he launched M&Ms．Mars anticipated that．．．SO he partnered with Bruce Murrie”可知 D 项错误。

4 单选题 1分

Passage 2

For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy;however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit,nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s, though, that wrapped,factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass-production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Bumett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory.Inspired by Milton Hershey's success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular producter, peanut butter cups. In 1963, Hershe

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正确答案：B

本题解析：

含义题。根据第一段最后一句“A key reason for this was safety,as parents feared that real．1ife boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren’t store-bought and sealed”可知，家长担心 的是现实中的坏人会对那些不是在商店买的被密封的糖果动手脚，所以 boogeymen 指的是有邪恶企图的人。

5 单选题 1分

Passage 2

For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy;however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit,nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s, though, that wrapped,factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass-production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Bumett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory.Inspired by Milton Hershey's success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular producter, peanut butter cups. In 1963, Hershe

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正确答案：A

本题解析：

细节题。由第一段中的“It wasn’t until the 1970s，though，that wrapped，factory —madecandy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins…” 和“A key reason for this Was safety…”可知，20 世纪 70 年代糖果的主要特点是安全、有包装、工厂批量生 产。

6 单选题 1分

Passage 1

The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extens

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正确答案：B

本题解析：

推断题。由本文最后一段可知，前人的研究都集中在我们怎样学习和记住新信息上，而当 前的研究开始更多地强调我们遗忘的条件，因为人们开始认识到它的重要性。因此，在后续的研究中，人们可能讨 论“与遗忘相关的条件”，故 B 项符合题意。

7 单选题 1分

Passage 1

The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extens

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正确答案：C

本题解析：

主旨题。文章开门见山，直接指出大脑就像一个永无止境的图书馆。第一段的最后一句“But is there a point where it reaches capacity?In other words，can the brain be‘full’?”以问句的形式引 出全文，文章接下来论证为什么大脑的储存不会满。

8 单选题 1分

Passage 1

The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extens

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正确答案：B

本题解析：

细节题。根据第六段中的“This change was most prominent in regions near the frontof the brain，such as the prefrontal codex，rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain， such as thehippocampus，which is traditionally associated with memory loss”可知，记忆变化的主要结构 在前额皮质，但传统上认为与丧失记忆有关的部位是大脑中部。

9 单选题 1分

Passage 1

The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extens

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正确答案：D

本题解析：

细节题。由第二段中的“…instead ofjust crowding in，old information is sometimespushed out of the brain for new memories to form”可知，大脑不会储存满是因为大脑在形成新的记忆的时候旧的信息会被清除，因此 D 项符合题意。A 项“大脑能够忘掉我们想记住的东西”，B 项“大脑能够记住我们想记住的东 西”，C 项“大脑能够像图书馆一样储存无限的信息”，说法均不准确。

10 单选题 1分

Passage 1

The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full” ? The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting.But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target”memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images--such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat. They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased.Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss. The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning,decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extens

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正确答案：A

本题解析：

词汇题。画线词所在句为“The answer is a resounding no，because，well，brains aremore sophisticated than that”。句中修饰“no”的词 resounding 本意为“响亮的，洪亮的”，这里应该是指“答案 当然／肯定是 no”。definite“确定的，确切的，有把握的”，repetitive“重复的”，echoing“回声现象，反 照现象”，impressive“给人以深刻印象的”，故本题选 A。