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Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just howmuch trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job.
The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything,that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list (around six hundred) with the number of new graduates (about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting--not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire--why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures--or the rest of the humanities--at all?"
Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less e1ite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid- seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students--for instance, women and minorities.
Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts.Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they're why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.
Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years." That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology" ; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.
What does the author mean by saying "that's wildly optimistic" in Paragraph 2?
推断题。根据该句后面的内容可知这则报告只记录了应届毕业生的数据，并没有将仍在求 职的往届生以及没有获得终身教职的老教授们考虑在内，因此可以说这则报告的数据是过于乐观的，实际数据要比 这个更低，即 M．LA．的报告高估了就业数据。A 项“对于刚毕业的博士生们来说就业前景很光明”，不符合文意， 故排除。B 项“对于刚毕业的博士生们来说找到一份终身教职似乎是不可能的”，文中只是说比较难，没有提到不 可能，过于绝对，故排除。D 项“MLA．的报告夸大了刚毕业的博士生们找工作的难度”，与文意相反，故排除。
根据下列材料，按要求完成教学设计任务。
材料一：
《普通高中历史课程标准(2017 年版)》规定：通过了解三国两晋南北朝政权更迭的历史脉络，隋唐时期封建社会的高度繁荣，认识三国两晋南北朝至隋唐时期的制度变化与创新，民族交融、区域开发和思想文化领域的新成就。
材料二：
课文摘录：
唐朝是中国文学发展的又一个高峰。诗歌创作进入黄金时代。流传下来的有 2000 多位诗人创作的近 5 万首诗歌，很多脍炙人口的佳作，成为千古绝唱。李白、杜甫的诗作代表了唐诗的最高水平，他们分别被誉为“诗仙”和“诗圣”。
这一时期，书法、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈等大放光彩。书法在东汉末年成为一种艺术。魏晋南北朝时期，隶书、草书、楷书和行书等各种书体均已完备。东晋大书法家王羲之博采众长，诸体兼精，世称“书圣”。隋唐时期的书法艺术，融汇了南朝的秀美和北朝的雄健，创出新风格。颜真卿气势雄浑的颜体和柳公权骨力遒劲的柳体最为有名。魏晋南北朝的绘画，成就斐然。东晋开始出现知名的专职画家，以顾恺之为代表。他提出“以形写神”，所画人物栩栩如生，《女史箴图》和《洛神赋图》是他的代表作。隋唐的画坛，题材广泛，风格多样。宗教画生活气息浓厚，人物画注重表现人的形态，山水、花鸟也成为绘画主题。唐朝的吴道子被尊为“画圣”。魏晋至隋唐时期，因佛教广泛传播而修造的石窟寺很多。山西大同的云冈石窟、河南洛阳的龙门石窟、甘肃敦煌莫高窟等，都是闻名世界的艺术宝库
要求：根据课程标准要求和课文内容，设计出相关的教学过程，包括教学环节、教师活动和学生活动，并说明设计意图。
怎么办呢，去罗马!那可是传说中的“上帝之城”，教皇的所在地，最接近上帝的地方。路德满怀期待地启程又满怀失望地回来了。为什么呢？因为路德发现自己被骗了：这哪里上帝之城？罗马灯红酒绿，神职人员不学无术、声色犬马。把灵魂交给这样的群体，怎么可能进天堂？路德想，看来得救还是得靠自己。从罗马回来后，路德专注于对于原始经典《圣经》的研究，获得了神学博士的学位。这一时期，他开始摆脱罗马教会的权威理论，对得救的方法和途径形成了自己的独立见解。
问题：
(1)对这位教师的讲述，你如何评价?请说出你的理由。(6 分)
(2)历史教师在讲授有关思想史的内容时应注意哪些问题?(10 分)
材料一：
下面是某校历史学业水平考试中的一道试题。
材料二：
问题：
(1)这道题主要考查了什么内容和能力，难易度如何?(6 分)
(2)请从学生知识和题目命制两个方面，分析学生误选 D 项的原因。(6 分)
(3)针对上述原因，教师应采取哪些改进策略?(4 分)
材料：
1905 年 8 月 9 日，在美国的调停下，日、俄在美国的朴茨茅斯开始谈判。9 月 5 日，日俄两国签订《朴茨茅斯和约》，重要条款包括：①俄国承认日本在朝鲜的独占利益；②俄国将辽东半岛的租借权、南满铁路及有关特权均无偿转让给日本；③以北纬 50 度为界，将库页岛南部及其附近岛屿让给日本；④俄国在中国东北撤兵，除辽东半岛外，东北的一切地方均交还中国。
——摘自齐世荣主编《世界史》现代卷
问题：
(1)材料中所说的《朴茨茅斯和约》签订的历史背景是什么?(8 分)
(2)根据材料并结合所学知识，概述这一和约对中国造成的危害。(8 分)
简述高中与初中历史教学衔接应注意的问题。
在历史课堂教学中组织以学生为主体的活动，教师应注意哪些问题?
法国大革命前夕，“旧制度”的危机有哪些主要表现?
斯塔夫里阿诺斯在评论一位科学家时说，他“因为发现支配宇宙中的物体的定律而统治 17 世纪的科学”。这位 科学家指的是( )。
据统计，福建宁德地区的粮食产量从 1978 年的 70 万吨提高到 1983 年的 82 万吨；1992 年全区 16．6 万个贫困 户累计解决温饱 16．1 万户。导致这一结果的直接原因是( )。
规定取消旧的公行制度、允许英商在通商口岸自由交易的不平等条约是( )。
