陈鹤琴先生曾经说过：“环境的布置也通过儿童的双手和大脑，通过儿童思想和双手所布置的环境可使他们更好地认识环境中的事物，也更加爱护。”
问题：(1)你如何理解这句话?
(2)在幼儿园户外场地的设计过程中如何体现?
(1)我们的环境布置往往是按教师的理解、由教师完成，即使幼儿参与也是一种“受动式”、“小面积”的参与，即儿童参与环境创设一般得经过教师的同意，按教师的意图，甚至是教师说，幼儿做。陈鹤琴先生主张“环境的布置要通过儿童的思想和双手，通过儿童的思想和双手所布置的环境，可使他对环境中的事物更加认识也更加爱护，因此，做教师的应该学会如何领导儿童运用大脑和双手来布置环境。”这段话的含义是，改变教师包办代替创设环境的观念和行为；努力使幼儿自主创设物质环境成为幼儿园课程中的一部分；使幼儿能根据活动需要，积极主动地创设学习、生活的环境；使环境趋于幼儿最近发展区，环境真正成为幼儿所想、所表达、所活动的空间。 (2)①强调儿童的参与性。②满足儿童的身心发展。③根据幼儿园中的户外场地的类型，即水泥地、花草地和泥土地进行设计。④场地的设计一定要方便，能让儿童充分地活动开来，有利于儿童开展各种游戏和体育活动。如果在场院地面积允许的情况下，可以尽可能增加户外场地的面积，使学前儿童能充分地享受户外环境。⑤在设置幼儿园课程时，应该考虑尽可能利用户外条件的资源。如果场地面积比较小，则不能仅仅为了美化的作用而设置一些不必要的设施，而限制了儿童的活动范围。
设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计一节英语听说课教学方案。
教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：
teaching objectives
teaching contents
key and difficult points
major steps and time allocation
activities and justifications
教学时间：45分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通中学高中一年级学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》五级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
Alone in Antarctica
At 50 I was the first woman to travel alone to the North Pole. But what should I do to celebrate my 60th birthday? What else, but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica. I began my almost 400-mile journey on November 1st, 1997. I walked and skied alone. My dog team were not with me to pull my sled. Another journey of challenge and danger was about to begin.
The first days the weather was very good. The wind was icy but not very strong and there was bright sunshine 24 hours a day. But changes were just around the comer. On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent.
I had travelled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the winds became too strong. Within a few minutes the winds increased to a howling storm that threatened to blow me and my tent away, but none of that happened.
On November 12th the storm died down. It was my birthday and I wanted to make that day special. I thawed a frozen cake over my fire, placed a candle on the top, lit it and sang "happy birthday" to me, at the top of my voice.
A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my worht dropped out from under my skis. I had fallen into a hole and was hanging on the ropes tied to the sled. A piece of ice fell down and I never heard it land. The bottom was a few hundred feet below. I used to practice self rescue many times in the mountains where I live and carefully began climbing out. It took a long time but I finally got out. I was thankful for all the training I had had.
I was in good health and all of my equipment was working well. I was so optimistic that I decided that the next day, the 22nd day of. the expedition, I would increase my workday to 12 hours.
The next morning I had a bad accident with the sled and hurt my leg. I couldn't stand on my left leg and my head was woozy from hitting the ground. But I knew that I had to get up. Lying on the ice, I would soon die. I struggled to my knees knowing that somehow i had to put my tent up for shelter. On hands and knees I got the tent up and dragged my sleeping bag into the tent and lay down out of the cold wind.
I had to make a decision. Wait to get better or give up? I had to think of my family, which is very important to me, and do the right thing. I did so without regret. I had met the challenges of solo travel in an extreme climate. It is an experience I shall never forget and shall value for the rest of my life.
下面是某教师的课堂教学片段：
T: What did your mum do yesterday, Wang Lin?
S: My mum buyed the dress for me.
T: Oh, that is nice. Your mum bought it for you, did she?
S: Yes.
T: Where did she buy it?
S: She buyed it in town.
T: Oh, she bought it in town for you. Well, it is very nice.
请根据所给材料回答下列三个问题。
(1)学生在对话中的语言错误是什么?(6分)
(2)该教师采用什么方式来纠正学生的错误?效果如何?(12分)
(3)教师还可以采用哪些方式纠错?请举例说明。(12分)
为什么说交互的阅读教学模式是比较科学的阅读教学模式?
Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
What does the Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan say about genetically modified products?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
Which of the following statements is true about the organization called ActionAid?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about NGOs in Brazil?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
According to the passage, Brazil is the world's__________soybean producer.
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
The anti-GMO groups are hoping the politicians' preoccupation with the October presidential
election will give them time to gather enough support to defeat any future attempts to legalize genetically altered crops.
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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。
Passage 1
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.
Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because__________.
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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。
Passage 1
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.
The expression "greater tolerance" (Para. 1) refers to__________.
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