凤凰女子
彭荆风
山峦、树林、村庄全被白茫茫的浓雾遮没了，我们的汽车穿行于雾中，只隐约听见鸡的啼声、河水搅动水车的吱嘎响声，还有洗衣少妇时缓时急的捣衣声和轻柔的笑语声，她们笑得那样甜而开朗，我仿佛见到了一群“白脸长身见人善作媚笑的女子”，赤着脚站在清澈冰凉的溪水中……
“山高水急，地苦雾多”，这是沈从文先生对凤凰的描述，他还告诉我们，这地处湘、黔、川三省边境的小城，人民一向崇尚武侠，好勇善斗，从前“地方居民不过五六千，驻防各地的士兵却有七千”，再加上“五百左右的碉堡，二百左右的营汛”，也就终年鼓角烽烟、战乱频仍了。
那样多的男子从军、修碉堡、守营汛去了，家事农作只能依靠妇女来撑持，这山高水急的地方，怎能不“地苦雾多”!凤凰女子生活的艰难也就可想而知了!
时过多年，那历史的创伤还在么?凤凰人是怎样在男丁减少、土地贫瘠的条件下奋发劳作的?浓雾逐渐稀薄，我却怕大雾消散后，看到的是一个贫穷颓败的小城，那是多么不愉快!小城很安静。不是假日又不是四乡群集的赶街天，街上的人也就不怎样拥挤，像许多既经历了岁月和沧桑又进入了新的时代的边远小县城一样，城区也是由老街和新街组成，宽敞的新街表达了这地方的发展，老街弯曲的小巷、古旧的房屋、光滑的石板路，则纪念着那过往的辛酸岁月。听说，凤凰人很珍惜这些老屋，舍不得拆去，特别是那些妇女对旧居更是充满依恋，一砖一柱令她们回味的事太多了。我住了几天，穿城走巷几次之后，也觉得为了扩建，拆去了有过多少神秘故事的天王庙、充满商业竞争意味的万寿宫，以及那诞生了一代文学大师沈从文的宅院，非常可惜，那还有什么特色呢?
凤凰女人的怀旧，实际是深含对历史和美的审视。凤凰人珍惜旧城，还珍惜那傍城而过，河水清澈，多鳜鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼的沱江。春季水浅，江底大石块凹凸可见，浮游的小鱼也清晰可数，江上有小船，渔人在默默撒网，矫健又从容;听说，沈从文先生在1982年以八十高龄最后一次返回凤凰时，就是乘着一只水木船漂游于沱江，深情眺望他眷恋着的故乡山水，对江水的洁净深感欣慰;他去世后，凤凰人远去北京把他的骨灰迁回葬在沱江边上，他们知道沈从文先生爱水，他生前说过：“我情感流动而不凝固，一派轻波给予我的影响实在不小。我幼小时较美丽的生活，大都不能和水分离。”但我却觉得明丽的沱江给凤凰女子的影响更多，她们的温柔、柔弱中的强韧，与这长河是多么相似。
凤凰的朋友们同意我这看法，水的德性为兼容并包，万千苦难都能承受的凤凰女子，有什么不能包容呢!人们还记得在日寇入侵、国家危难的时刻，这个当时人家不过六千户、人口不到两万的凤凰城，却出动了一个师的兵力，仅在1937年的“八?一三”淞沪战役，凤凰籍士兵就付出了伤亡两千八百人的代价。八年抗战，几乎家家有寡妇，户户有哀声，那艰难的年月，小城的劳作大多由这些善良、温柔的妇女来承担!
因为小城的军伍人家多(解放前，凤凰出了七名中将、二十七名少将，团、营、连、排长更是不计其数)，既有荣光，也有灾难，特别是“文革”时期，不少家庭都再次受到冲击，温柔的凤凰女子又陷入了忧伤、恐惧之中……尽管这小城有过花翎闪动、冠盖如云的辉煌时代，似乎那时候的男子不可一世，我敬仰的还是那些温柔、贤良的凤凰女子，她们才是小城的基石!
我想找几个老少妇人谈谈过去和现在，她们只是温柔地甜笑，似乎那些事，只是如同她们平日的描花绣朵的手工艺一样，虽然精巧艳丽，在她们看来却已习以为常了!如今苦难的时代已经结藉，凤凰也冲出了浓雾展翅飞翔，年轻一代的凤凰女子也早已走出、家门，投身到各项建设事业中去，无论是雄踞苗岭大山中，高四十二米，宽八米，长二百四十一米，被誉为全国石肋拱桥中的首位的鸟巢河大桥，还是坝高八十一点六米，发电量一万一千多千瓦的长潭岗电站，那年税利亿元以上的凤凰烟厂，甚至遍布苗乡的学校里都有她们的身影。
离开凤凰时，一位苗族姑娘赶来送我，她家的庭院里种满了黄的迎春、红的玫瑰、白的山荼，她却把一盆虎耳草珍重的赠给我。虎耳草是湘西特产，生命力很强，这也是凤凰女子的个性吧!
阅读上面的文字，完成下列问题：
(1)用三个词语准确概括出凤凰女子的主要性格特征。
(2)作者认为凤凰女子“才是小城的基石”，你认为其理由是什么?
(3)作者着力描写了凤凰古城经历的沧桑岁月，这样写有什么作用?
(1)强韧，温柔，贤良(或“善良”)。
(2)①过去，凤凰女子在万千苦难中撑持着家事农作;②现在，凤凰女子投身到各项建设事业之中。
(3)凤凰古城经历的沧桑岁月就是凤凰女子经历的沧桑岁月，这样写更有力地揭示出凤凰女子性格形成的历史背景，通过今昔对比，歌颂了新社会新生活的美好。
设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计一节英语听说课教学方案。
教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：
teaching objectives
teaching contents
key and difficult points
major steps and time allocation
activities and justifications
教学时间：45分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通中学高中一年级学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》五级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
Alone in Antarctica
At 50 I was the first woman to travel alone to the North Pole. But what should I do to celebrate my 60th birthday? What else, but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica. I began my almost 400-mile journey on November 1st, 1997. I walked and skied alone. My dog team were not with me to pull my sled. Another journey of challenge and danger was about to begin.
The first days the weather was very good. The wind was icy but not very strong and there was bright sunshine 24 hours a day. But changes were just around the comer. On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent.
I had travelled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the winds became too strong. Within a few minutes the winds increased to a howling storm that threatened to blow me and my tent away, but none of that happened.
On November 12th the storm died down. It was my birthday and I wanted to make that day special. I thawed a frozen cake over my fire, placed a candle on the top, lit it and sang "happy birthday" to me, at the top of my voice.
A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my worht dropped out from under my skis. I had fallen into a hole and was hanging on the ropes tied to the sled. A piece of ice fell down and I never heard it land. The bottom was a few hundred feet below. I used to practice self rescue many times in the mountains where I live and carefully began climbing out. It took a long time but I finally got out. I was thankful for all the training I had had.
I was in good health and all of my equipment was working well. I was so optimistic that I decided that the next day, the 22nd day of. the expedition, I would increase my workday to 12 hours.
The next morning I had a bad accident with the sled and hurt my leg. I couldn't stand on my left leg and my head was woozy from hitting the ground. But I knew that I had to get up. Lying on the ice, I would soon die. I struggled to my knees knowing that somehow i had to put my tent up for shelter. On hands and knees I got the tent up and dragged my sleeping bag into the tent and lay down out of the cold wind.
I had to make a decision. Wait to get better or give up? I had to think of my family, which is very important to me, and do the right thing. I did so without regret. I had met the challenges of solo travel in an extreme climate. It is an experience I shall never forget and shall value for the rest of my life.
下面是某教师的课堂教学片段：
T: What did your mum do yesterday, Wang Lin?
S: My mum buyed the dress for me.
T: Oh, that is nice. Your mum bought it for you, did she?
S: Yes.
T: Where did she buy it?
S: She buyed it in town.
T: Oh, she bought it in town for you. Well, it is very nice.
请根据所给材料回答下列三个问题。
(1)学生在对话中的语言错误是什么?(6分)
(2)该教师采用什么方式来纠正学生的错误?效果如何?(12分)
(3)教师还可以采用哪些方式纠错?请举例说明。(12分)
为什么说交互的阅读教学模式是比较科学的阅读教学模式?
Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
What does the Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan say about genetically modified products?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
Which of the following statements is true about the organization called ActionAid?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about NGOs in Brazil?
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
According to the passage, Brazil is the world's__________soybean producer.
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Passage 2
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."
Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.
Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.
The anti-GMO groups are hoping the politicians' preoccupation with the October presidential
election will give them time to gather enough support to defeat any future attempts to legalize genetically altered crops.
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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。
Passage 1
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.
Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because__________.
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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。
Passage 1
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.
The expression "greater tolerance" (Para. 1) refers to__________.
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