2013年考研《英语一》真题

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1 问答题 1分

Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

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本题解析：

The picture given above dramatically features a scene of college graduates choosing their future destination. When stepping out of universities, the graduates will confront with multiple choices, such as hunting a job, taking part in National Entrance Examination for MS/MA.

　　The content of this picture reminds us of the crucial importance of the distinctive goal in future development, which is a practical issue faced by every would-be graduate. On the one hand, life is a one-way journey: one cannot start it all over again. Different choices in life may make great differences. On the other hand, to some extent, future is combined with choices and efforts. Some people even believe that one’s success depends more on how intelligently he chooses than on how diligently he works. But actually, with a wrong direction, the farther we go, the farther we are away from our dream.

　　Therefore, positive mental guidance must be popularized among the public, especially the young to help them keep a clear mind and make wise choices in the life journey. What’s more, every youngster should realize his position and the reality and choose his life goal in a practical manner. Only with a right direction and destination can all the efforts make towards our dream pay off.

【图画解读】

　　图画中传达出来的信息是对于如今的大学生来说，毕业就面临着如何抉择的问题，是进入职场和社会生活、考研继续深造、出国继续求学或是利用所学自主创业，而由于毕业时的选择对个人未来发展有重大意义，因此“选择”对于大学毕业生来说十分重要。

　　该图片主题较为明确，因此其潜在含义容易挖掘，即面对毕业时的多重选择，大学生应根据自己的实际情况，慎重思考，之后根据个人取向做出符合自己情况的选择，而不能说哪个选择正确或哪个选择错误。关键是主动全面地思考，做出理性选择。

【写作要点】

　　按照图画作文的写作惯例，一般可分为三部分，首先观察图画，对其内容进行描述，然后分析现象并找出其背后潜在的含义，最后就相关问题加以评论或提出解决办法。

　　图画作文应注意几个问题：突出主题，文章不能跑题，而要围绕主题进行，该图画作文应围绕大学生毕业时的“选择”这一话题展开；注意文章内容布局和比例，描写时要注意不要面面俱到，而应重点突出，即图画隐含意义的分析；另外应注意避免句式单调和不应有的语法、拼写等错误。

2 问答题 1分

Directions:

　　Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” insteaD.Do not write the address. (10 points)

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本题解析：

Dear Mr. Eric,

　　As a member of the Students’ Union, I am writing this email to invite you to be a judge in the English speech contest, which will be held in our university next Sunday.

　　This contest aims at improving the students’ communicative and practical ability in oral English, the details of which are as follows. Firstly, the seniors who will enter into the society three months later are the main participants. In addition, the theme is related with the utmost significance of future choice after graduation.

　　It is my sincere hope that you can present yourself in this activity. I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

这是一封邀请信，由于邮件的目的为邀请外教担任口语比赛评委，因此邮件中应包含比赛方面的相关事宜，比方说比赛时间、地点，比赛前需做准备等。最后应表示感谢或期待之情。

在形式方面要注意三个基本内容：称呼、正文、敬语和署名。由于被邀请者为外教，因此要考虑到不要用过于随便的语言，但又因为是电子邮件也不宜过于正式。最好做到既传达出主要内容，又言简意赅。

3 问答题 1分

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

　　One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal neeD.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.

　　Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magiC.In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural worlD.(50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.

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正确答案：

本题解析：

46.【答案】然而，只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但这些花园除了表达(人类)装饰和创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。

　　【解析】①结构分析：本句由when引导的状语从句和主句it strikes one that...构成。when引导的状语从句中过去分词短语created by the homeless作后置定语修饰gardens；主句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的名词性从句，该that从句中介词短语for all their diversity of styles和beyond that of decoration and creative expression均作插入语，从句主语为these gardens，宾语为various other fundamental urges。

②内容要点分析：主句中谓语strike在此处应译为“让人意识到”。介词短语for all their diversity of styles表明花园“虽然样式各异”，介词for应理解为despite；而介词短语beyond that of decoration and creative expression则强调根本愿望（fundamental urges）超越了基本需求（即装饰和创新），其中that指代之前的urges。

47. 【答案】安宁的圣地(体现的)是人类特有的需要，无论怎样疏于雕琢，它仍与遮风挡雨之所不同，后者(反映的)是动物特有的需要。

　　【解析】①结构分析：本句结构清晰，主句主语为A sacred place of peace，谓语为系动词is，宾语为a distinctly human need。however crude it may be为让步状语从句作插入成分；as引导非限定性定语从句as opposed to shelter修饰主语，该从句中主语与主句主语一致，且谓语为系动词，因此从句主语与谓语均省略，完整形式应为as it is opposed to shelter；which引导的非限制性定语从句which is a distinctly animal need修饰shelter。

②内容要点分析：让步状语从句however crude it may be中however相当于no matter how，意为“不管多么”，crude指“简陋的”，形容无家可归者建造的简朴甚至有点粗陋的花园。shelter与主句主语sacred place of peace形成对照，强调无家可归者建造的花园即便如十分简陋，仍体现出人的根本愿望而与动物需求完全不同的性质。

48. 【答案】这种无家可归者的花园实质上是无定所的花园，它们把“形式”引入城市环境，而城市环境中原本要么没有这种“形式”，要么并没把它当成“形式”看待。

　　【解析】①结构分析：本句结构并不复杂，主句中含有两个非限定性定语从句，主句主语为the gardens of the homeless，谓语为introduce，宾语为form。which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰主句主语，into an urban environment为介词短语作状语，where引导定语从句修饰地点urban environment。

②内容要点分析：主句中的宾语form承接了上文中the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment，把无家可归者建造的花园作为一种形式，即为获得心绪安宁而对个人与周围环境关系的建构。homeless gardens不能直接翻译为“无家可归的花园”，而应结合上下文理解为无家可归者的花园随其漂泊而无定所。由where引导的定语从句中as such，原意为“就其本身而言”，这里指“形式（form）要么根本不曾存在，要么（是存在却）没被当做形式辨认出来（discernible）”。

49. 【答案】我们大多数人通常把陷入精神颓丧归咎于某些心理疾病，直到有一天置身花园，才顿觉压抑感神奇地消失了。

　　【解析】①结构分析：本句主体结构包括主句和由until引导的时间状语从句，主句中含有一个定语从句，后者则含有一个条件状语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句修饰，修饰前面的most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit，而until从句中as if引导条件状语从句，与47题中as引导的非限定性定语从句情况相同，完整形式应为as if it is by magic。

②内容要点分析：

demoralization的动词形式为demoralize，demoralize意为“使士气低沉；使意志消沉”，根据上下文，此处将demoralization译为“颓废”较为准确。另外，condition在与身心有关的内容中指“疾患”而不是通常意义上的“情况，状况”，因此此处应将psychological condition译作“心理疾病”。

50. 【答案】虽然有“扩大词义外延”的意味，但正是这种对大自然或隐晦或明晰的参照让用“花园”一词来描述这些人造组合有了充分的根据。

　　【解析】①结构分析：本句为It is...that...结构的强调句，强调的是主语this implicit or explicit reference to nature，though in a “liberated” sense为插入语，不定式to describe these synthetic constructions作后置定语修饰the use of the word garden。

②内容要点分析：插入语though in a “liberated” sense中的“liberated”为liberate（解放；释放）的过去分词形式，前文提到无家可归者无法培育植被或饲养动物，但用色彩、小水坑和捡来的花草植物甚至布绒玩具等装点自己的花园，结合语境可知此处“liberated”强调无家可归者的花园并非寻常意义上的花园，而是在其之外的另一种存在形式，因此“花园”这个词义的内涵得到扩大。

4 问答题 1分

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removeD.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　The social sciences are flourishing.A.s of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia.A.ccording to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

　　Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________________________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

　　(42) _____________________________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real worlD.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

　　Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.A.nalyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)_____________________________

　　When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.A.nd whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

　　The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)_______________________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

　　The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)_____________________________ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

　　[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

　　[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

　　[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

　　[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

　　[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

　　[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.A.nd in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

　　[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

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正确答案：

本题解析：

41. E　作者在文章第一段中肯定了目前社会科学发展迅速，人员队伍不断壮大的积极趋势，但在第二段开始即指出，如此规模的人员队伍并未给应对当今全球性挑战做出应有的贡献。这些挑战包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和卫生问题等。本题空白处后续的内容与消除饥饿有关，且这个问题“也是社会性的”。根据这两点可以推断空白处内容应涉及某个全球性且带有社会性的挑战。E项提出，上述问题的根源在于人类自身的行为，解决这些问题除依赖科技手段外，还需要转变个人行为和变革社会，气候变化就是一个典型的例子。E项中的These issues指代上文中的today’s global challenges，social innovations和technological development，同后文中的agro-technological tools和problems are social相互衔接，形成清晰的平行关系。

42. F　从本题空白处后面的This is a shame可推断出空缺内容应是消极含义。F项体现了两重消极含义：(1)很多社科学者不愿为应对全球性挑战做实际工作；(2)欧洲国家还打算削减用于社科研究的资金。作者于是发出了“这很令人失望”的感慨。F项中的such problems与上一段呼应，social scientists也得到后文中the community(此处指社会科学界)的衔接。作者呼吁社科学者抓住机遇提高自身在现实世界中的影响力，也是针对社会科学不关注实际问题的状况，且与下文中批评社会科学不重视对外部产生影响的观点相联系。

43. B　由第四段可知，作者认为社会科学只局限于学科问题和学界内部研讨，而不重视其对外部的影响，这种状况可以从近年来发表相关论文的数量上得到佐证。B项的意图即是要提供相应统计数字。However，the numbers are still small与前文构成明显转折，one of these keywords也承接前文，从而形成虽然包含environmental change和climate change等关键词的论文数量增长迅速，但情况仍不乐观的完整逻辑关系。

44. G 文章从第六段开始转向有关资金问题的探讨。G项提供了近年来人文与社会科学研究资助情况的数据。national spending、research and development funds以及具体统计数字均是有关资金的细节，与本段主旨联系紧密，本题空白处后面This is an adequate amount也起到明显的提示作用。

45. C　作者在第六段后半部分提出资助削减，在第七段一开始就指出只要利用得当仍可满足需要。作者通过“欧盟框架计划”资助项目的例子进一步阐明更好地利用资金才是解决问题的办法。在作者看来，欧洲国家削减社科研究资助的初衷是为了更有效地推动研究。C项中的The idea指Horizon 2020计划的构想，即促进社会科学与其他学科加速一体化进程，这将有助于推动合作，开发直接针对解决全球性问题的项目，create more collaborative endeavors和help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems正是integrate their work with other categories的结果。