2013年考研《英语一》真题

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

2．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

4．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

5．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

1．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

3．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

6．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

10．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

15．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

7．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

8．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

9．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

11．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

12．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

13．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

14．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

16．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

17．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

18．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

19．______

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that 　1　the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 　2　factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 　3　was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.　4　, he theorised that a judge 　5　of appearing too soft 　6　crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 　7　he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 　8　this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 　9　of an applicant should not depend on the few others 　10　randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 　11　.

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 　12　by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 　13　applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 　14　numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 　15　used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 　16　out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 　17　that, then the score for the next applicant would 　18　by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 　19　the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 　20　.

20．______

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.A.mericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ______.

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.A.mericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ______.

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.A.mericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

The word “indictment” (Para.2) is closest in meaning to ______.

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.A.mericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.A.mericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

What is the subject of the text?

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine- grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorerand Apple’s Safari both offerDNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industrywould get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.A.fter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ______.

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine- grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorerand Apple’s Safari both offerDNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industrywould get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.A.fter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

“The industry” ( Para.3) refers to ______.

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine- grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorerand Apple’s Safari both offerDNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industrywould get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.A.fter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine- grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorerand Apple’s Safari both offerDNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industrywould get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.A.fter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine- grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorerand Apple’s Safari both offerDNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industrywould get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.A.fter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

　　But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

　　Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.A.s so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

　　But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

　　Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.A.s so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are ______.

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

　　But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

　　Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.A.s so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

　　But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

　　Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.A.s so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ______.

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

　　Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

　　But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

　　So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

　　Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

　　But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.A.s so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

　　This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

　　In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.A.rizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

　　However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

　　Two of the three objecting Justices — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

　　In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.A.rizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

　　However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

　　Two of the three objecting Justices — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

　　In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.A.rizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

　　However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

　　Two of the three objecting Justices — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

　　In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.A.rizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

　　However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

　　Two of the three objecting Justices — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______.

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

　　In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.A.rizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

　　However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

　　Two of the three objecting Justices — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

　　Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

What can be learned from the last paragraph?