简述态度的实质与结构。-名校题库网

简述态度的实质与结构。

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本题解析：

（1）态度的实质

①态度是一种“内部状态”，是一种行为的倾向性或反应准备状态，不是实际反应本身。态度作为一种内部状态，可直接影响某些行为的出现，但态度与行为并不是一一对应的。②态度与能力不同，能力决定人们能否顺利完成某些任务，态度则决定人们的行为选择，即决定人们愿不愿意完成某些任务。③态度是通过经验组织或学习而形成的。态度不是天生的，是个体通过与其环境相互作用而形成的，也是通过与环境的相互作用而改变的。

（2）态度的结构

①态度的认知成分。态度的认知成分指个体对态度对象所具有的带有评价意义的观念和信念。有些态度可能基于正确的观念和信念，往往是积极的；有些态度则可能基于错误的观念和信念，因而也常常是消极的。对于某些对象，不同个体的态度中所含认知成分是不同的，某些人的态度主要基于理智方面的慎重考虑，而某些人的态度可能主要由于情感冲动。

②态度的情感成分。态度的情感成分指伴随态度的认知成分而产生的情绪或情感，被认为是态度的核心成分。在人的态度发生变化时，情感也会发生相应的改变。不同态度的情感成分不尽相同，有的态度理智成分较多，有的态度却是非理智的、情绪化的。

③态度的行为成分。态度的行为成分指行为的准备或行动的预备倾向。一般来说，态度的认知成分、情感成分和行为成分是一致的，但是态度的行为成分与认知成分也存在分离的情况，表现在人们口头所表示的态度常常不能付诸行动，即知行脱节。

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