材料：
哲学的根本特征在于它是思想的一种“元”思想。“元”（meta）的意思是在人类各种思想观念后面所进行的“更进一步”的反思性思想或者奠基性的思想。
哲学到底有什么用处?别的思想方法有什么用，我们都很清楚：科学方法能够发现自然规律，逻辑方法能保证正确的分析和推理，艺术方法可用于创造作品，可是哲学的方法能用来做什么呢?如果说，哲学只是让人见见思想的世面，让人的思想变得大气而不小气，这当然很好，但恐怕不够。哲学还必须证明它的必要性。既然有了其他思想方法，我们为什么还一定需要哲学方法?如果我们真的需要哲学，它就必须有某种不可代替的用处。说得再明确一些，哲学所要做的那种“更进一步”的研究真的很有必要吗?这种疑惑并不是一点道理都没有，因为即使没有哲学，人们也照样生活和思考，照样劳动生产，照样生儿育女，照样发动战争，照样追求利益和荣誉，江山照样如此多娇，浪花照样淘尽英雄。但奇怪的是，不管人们是否愿意思考哲学问题，人类思想总是自然而然地产生出哲学问题。看来，当思想深入到一定的层次，哲学就成为必需的。没有哲学的思想是不健全的思想。
然而，我们又怎么能够知道哪些指导性的思想是可靠可信的呢?那些指导性的思想会不会实际上把事情搞错了?无论如何，任何一种指导性的思想，它本身都有可能是错误的，所以，我们不能盲目地相信某一种思想观念，不能因为许多人相信某种看法就随波逐流，也不能因为某种观点好像振振有词就相信它，更不能因为某种说法看上去很美就相信它。
随便哪一种看法，不管它把世界和生活看成什么样，这种看法并不能证明它自身是真的。要把一种规定硬说成是合理的，我们只能根据“更进一步”的规定来充当道理。同样，一种看法，或者一种思想，也不能证明它本身是正确的，这相当于，我说“我是正确的”并不算已经证明自己是正确的。因此，我们必须对思想观念进行“更进一步”的研究，通过这些研究来判断这些思想观念有什么意义和价值，好知道该不该相信这些思想观念。
好哲学虽然怀着“平常心”，却有着“异常思”。哲学所思考的虽然是一些很平常很普通的问题，但是，思考角度和方式超凡脱俗、异乎寻常，这正是哲学思想方法的价值所在。哲学的方法使我们能够获得超出知识范围的智慧，而正是那些充满智慧的理解方式始终在不知不觉地改变着、塑造着人类的整个思想风格和结构。可以做一个比较：科学不断增加人类的知识、扩大人类的视野，哲学则不断增强人类的思想能力、更新着人类的眼光。那么，哲学的“异常思”到底异常在哪里?这很难概括，不过哲学往往从某种与普通思想方式不同的思想方式去重新思考问题，它能够开拓更多的思想可能性。
（摘编自赵汀阳 《思想的功夫》）
问题：
⑴文章认为哲学的特征是什么?请简要概括。
⑵哲学有哪些用处?请结合文本，简要分析。
（1）文章认为哲学的特征是什么请简要概括。 ①哲学是思想的一种“元”思想。
②是在人类各种思想观念后面所进行的“更进一步”的反思性思想或者奠基性思想。
（2）哲学有哪些用处请结合文本，简要分析。
哲学的用处在于其重要性和必要性。
①哲学能够让人见见思想的世面，让人的思想变得大气而不小气。
②哲学是必要的：一方面，不管人们是否愿意思考哲学问题，人类思想总是自然而然地产生出哲学问题;另一方面，当思想深入到一定的层次，哲学就成为必需的，没有哲学的思想是不健全的思想。
③哲学的思考角度和方式超凡脱俗、异乎寻常。哲学的方法使我们能够获得超出知识范围的智慧，而正是那些充满智慧的理解方式始终在不知不觉地改变着、塑造着人类的整个思想风格和结构。
④哲学不断增强人类的思想能力、更新着人类的眼光。
⑤哲学往往从某种与普通思想方式不同的思想方式去重新思考问题，它能够开拓更多的思想可能性。
Passage 1
These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.
In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.
Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.
Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used in Toronto could be built elsewhere by using other natural sources of cold water.
Which of the following is true?查看材料
Passage 1
These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.
In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.
Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.
Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used in Toronto could be built elsewhere by using other natural sources of cold water.
What is one advantage of Enwave′s new system?查看材料
Passage 1
These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.
In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.
Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.
Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used in Toronto could be built elsewhere by using other natural sources of cold water.
What happens in the end to the water from Lake Ontario?查看材料
Passage 1
These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.
In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.
Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.
Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used in Toronto could be built elsewhere by using other natural sources of cold water.
What is the function of the chillers in a traditional air-conditioning system?查看材料
Passage 1
These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.
In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.
Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.
Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used in Toronto could be built elsewhere by using other natural sources of cold water.
What is one problem with traditional air-conditioning systems?查看材料
Passage 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"
Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange．Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in?2005 with ambitions to be a CEO．He finally took that post at a major financial institution three?years later．
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers．The financial crisis has made?it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one．"The traditional rule was it′s safer to?stay where you are,but that′s been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter．"The people?who′ve been hurt the worst are those who′ve stayed too long．"
Which of the following is the best title for the text?查看材料
Passage 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"
Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange．Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in?2005 with ambitions to be a CEO．He finally took that post at a major financial institution three?years later．
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers．The financial crisis has made?it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one．"The traditional rule was it′s safer to?stay where you are,but that′s been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter．"The people?who′ve been hurt the worst are those who′ve stayed too long．"
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that___________．查看材料
Passage 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"
Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange．Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in?2005 with ambitions to be a CEO．He finally took that post at a major financial institution three?years later．
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers．The financial crisis has made?it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one．"The traditional rule was it′s safer to?stay where you are,but that′s been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter．"The people?who′ve been hurt the worst are those who′ve stayed too long．"
The word"poached"(Para．4)most probably means___________．查看材料
Passage 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"
Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange．Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in?2005 with ambitions to be a CEO．He finally took that post at a major financial institution three?years later．
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers．The financial crisis has made?it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one．"The traditional rule was it′s safer to?stay where you are,but that′s been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter．"The people?who′ve been hurt the worst are those who′ve stayed too long．"
According to Paragraph 2,senior executives′quitting may be spurred by__________．查看材料
Passage 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"
Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange．Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in?2005 with ambitions to be a CEO．He finally took that post at a major financial institution three?years later．
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers．The financial crisis has made?it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one．"The traditional rule was it′s safer to?stay where you are,but that′s been fundamentally inverted,"says one headhunter．"The people?who′ve been hurt the worst are those who′ve stayed too long．"
When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being__________．查看材料
