组织中的非正式沟通不包括（ ）。
非正式沟通指的是正式沟通渠道以外的信息交流和传达方式。非正式沟通的方式有走动式管理、开放式办公、工作间歇时间的沟通、非正式的会议等等，具有多变性、随意性、动态性等特征，ABC三项都符合这些特征，而D选项明显不符，属于正式沟通的类型，所以本题应选D。
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others． These may show strengths that you can use in your work． A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career． A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work． So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school． On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard． Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value． A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details． This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs．
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work． You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills．
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers． You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example． Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job． Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself． You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures． It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist． Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background． You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work．
The whole passage centers on
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others． These may show strengths that you can use in your work． A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career． A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work． So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school． On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard． Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value． A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details． This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs．
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work． You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills．
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers． You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example． Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job． Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself． You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures． It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist． Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background． You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work．
Which subject is supposed to have no direct value for job hunting?
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others． These may show strengths that you can use in your work． A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career． A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work． So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school． On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard． Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value． A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details． This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs．
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work． You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills．
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers． You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example． Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job． Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself． You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures． It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist． Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background． You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work．
According to the passage, if a student's school record is not good, he ______
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others． These may show strengths that you can use in your work． A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career． A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work． So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school． On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard． Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value． A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details． This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs．
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work． You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills．
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers． You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example． Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job． Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself． You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures． It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist． Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background． You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work．
The writer thinks that for a student to have a part-time job is probably ______
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others． These may show strengths that you can use in your work． A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career． A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work． So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school． On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard． Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value． A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details． This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs．
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work． You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills．
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers． You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example． Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job． Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself． You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures． It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist． Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background． You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work．
Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph?
When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place． Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important． There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity． One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation． In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind． If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind ; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained．
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean． Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased． This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean． Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation．
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation． similarly, in coastal．
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old．
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby? " have been replaced by "I 'm busy, go watch television．
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions．
But it's usually not children's television that children watch． Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing．
Where are they to be found?Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch． That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p．m．, not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission．
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense． When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner． When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off．
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed． Parents need to intervene． Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at alL．
What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place． Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important． There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity． One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation． In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind． If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind ; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained．
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean． Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased． This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean． Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation．
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation． similarly, in coastal．
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old．
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby? " have been replaced by "I 'm busy, go watch television．
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions．
But it's usually not children's television that children watch． Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing．
Where are they to be found?Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch． That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p．m．, not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission．
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense． When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner． When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off．
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed． Parents need to intervene． Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at alL．
If we use television with some _______, television can provide our young people with much knowledge．
When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place． Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important． There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity． One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation． In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind． If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind ; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained．
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean． Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased． This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean． Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation．
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation． similarly, in coastal．
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old．
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby? " have been replaced by "I 'm busy, go watch television．
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions．
But it's usually not children's television that children watch． Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing．
Where are they to be found?Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch． That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p．m．, not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission．
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense． When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner． When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off．
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed． Parents need to intervene． Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at alL．
According to the writer, the responsibility for the kid's watching adult television and watching it for a long time should be undertaken by _____
When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place． Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important． There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity． One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation． In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind． If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind ; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained．
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean． Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased． This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean． Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation．
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation． similarly, in coastal．
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old．
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby? " have been replaced by "I 'm busy, go watch television．
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions．
But it's usually not children's television that children watch． Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing．
Where are they to be found?Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch． That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p．m．, not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission．
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense． When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner． When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off．
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed． Parents need to intervene． Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at alL．
The working parent is not willing to listen to her (his) four-year-old child talking about his sandbox games because she (he) is _____
When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place． Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important． There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity． One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation． In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind． If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind ; this, by the way,is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained．
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean． Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased． This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean． Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation．
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation． similarly, in coastal．
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old．
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby? " have been replaced by "I 'm busy, go watch television．
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions．
But it's usually not children's television that children watch． Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing．
Where are they to be found?Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch． That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p．m．, not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission．
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense． When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner． When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off．
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed． Parents need to intervene． Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at alL．
From the first two paragraphs one may infer that the writer's attitude towards
"the old days" is ______
