2012年考研《英语一》真题

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1 问答题 1分

Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should

　　1) describe the drawing briefly,

　　2) explain its intended meaning, and

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

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本题解析：

We can see from this picture that in sight of a fallen bottle with the liquid inside running out, two men react quite differently towards it. One covers his face with a hand, showing great remorse, while the other runs to raise the fallen bottle, happy to find that there is still some liquid left.

　　What is reflected in this picture is two different perspectives of life, which is both thought-provoking and worth discussing. The fallen bottle symbolizes the difficulties and setbacks that will happen to everyone of us in one way or another during the course of life, what makes the difference is how we look at them. People with negative outlooks on life cannot stand any disappointments, and every setback will be a serious blow. As a result, their life is always miserable due to the continuance of trivialities. On the contrary, those with positive view of life can find the positive side in everything, and lead a meaningful life.

　　As far as I am concerned, while it is inevitable that everyone will confront certain setbacks every now and then, the point is to face it and think positively. Although what has happened cannot be reversed, we still can draw some lesson form it and make changes.

图片描述了面对倒下的瓶子和洒出的东西，两种人对此所产生的不同反应：其中一个人满是懊恼的表情，哀叹一声“全完了”，而另一个人则庆幸还留了一点，忙伸手去扶起倒下的瓶子，可以看出这幅图画反映出了两种截然不同的人生观，前者代表消极的生活态度，而后者则代表积极的生活态度。

　　生活中困难和挫折都是在所难免的，因此要勇于面对，本篇作文的写作应抓住这一点，对那主公消极的生活态度提出批评，同时赞扬积极、乐观的生活态度。

2 问答题 1分

Directions:

　　Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to

　　1) extend your welcome and

　　2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.

　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　Do notsign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

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正确答案：

本题解析：

Dear international students,

　　I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.

　　In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.

　　I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!

2012年考研英语（一）应用文写作部分题目中要求考生以学生会的名义给即将来自己所在大学的国际留学生写封电子邮件，向他们表示欢迎并且给出关于大学生活的一些建议。

　　在写作时，应注意到中西文化的差异，不能完全按照中国问候习惯，应充分注意到西方文化特点，并且要考虑到对方的身份，因为对方是留学生，因此在邮件中可以在中国的气候、饮食和文化等方面向他们提出建议。

3 问答题 1分

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.

　　(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

　　This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

　　That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

　　The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

　　(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals

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本题解析：

46. 【答案】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

　　【解析】本句结构比较简单，为简单句，句子主干为one approach takes…and seeks…，而破折号后的内容是对前面提到理论的进一步解释说明。其中take…to extreme…意为“把…发挥到极致，把…推至极限”；theory of everything译为“万有理论”，即：适用于任何事物的理论；generative equation指“生成等式，生成方程”。

47. 【答案】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。

　　【解析】对本句理解的关键在于for引导的句子，此处for引导原因状语从句，该状语从句中又包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句。it seems reasonable to suppose that可翻为一个长句，也可分开翻译为：那么假设文化差异也能追溯到更为有限的源头，这种假设看上去便是合理的了。对于“cultural diversity”的理解，考生容易受备考中经常遇到的“cultural diversity”的影响，而将其直接译为“文化多样性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以这里将其翻译为“文化差异”更合适。

48. 【答案】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。

　　【解析】这句话的结构主要是对三个“what”从句的理解。第一个what引导的从句what is unique做filter out的宾语；第二个what引导的从句what is shared是介词from的宾语，from 是固定搭配filter out A from B中的介词；第三个what引导的what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms与how complex cultural behavior arose并列作动词understand的宾语。句子主干可看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D：A指的是what is contingent and unique；B指的是what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose；C指的是how complex cultural behaviour arose；D指的是what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms。

49. 【答案】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征（尤其是按照词序排列），这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。

　　【解析】本句结构较为清晰，关键是对句子前部分的理解，需结合前文。此处the second与上文中The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky相对应，所里应根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚，翻译为“第二种理论”，而不能单纯的翻译成“第二”。

50. 【答案】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间（而不是其他）有着强烈的共存性。

　　【解析】该句话结构较为简单，比较复杂的是其中出现的术语和不熟悉的词汇。本句主要结构为：Chomsky’s grammar should show…whereas Greenbergian…。其中grammar指的是上文的“生成语法”，所以此处可把“生成语法”翻译出来；that引导定语从句that are independent of the family tree...修饰patterns；对于co-dependencies需根据上下词义及其词根词缀来猜测词义，由于下文指出两者关系，因此此处可将其翻译为“共存性”。

4 问答题 1分

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

　　The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) ________________

　　The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.

　　But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) ________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

　　All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) ________________

　　For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) ________________

　　Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) ________________

　　What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.

　　[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

　　[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

　　[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

　　[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

　　[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

　　[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.

　　[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

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正确答案：

本题解析：

41. C　通过略读第一段可知该篇文章主要讲述科技给人们生活带来的便利，重点是对媒介的论述，其中提到了“create a fabulous machine”，浏览七个选项，C项中“develop such a device”刚好与此衔接，并与下段中an amazing machine相对应，因此本题选C。

42. D　此空位于段落中间，因此需在空前和空后找关联词，空前和空后分别提到特征词“reason”和“war”，浏览七个选项，D项中because和war恰好与此相对，因此为正确答案。

43. A　此题空位于段末，因此要在空前及下段段首找关联词，该空之前提到“superfluous material goods”，而下段句首提到“download”；浏览七个选项，A项中出现了“these superfluous things”，和downloading，因此可以确定正确答案为A项。

44. F　该空位于句末，因此在该空之前和下段句首需找关联词，该空之前出现关联词a pyramid of production，而下段段首提到television，通过浏览七个选项，可以发现与此关联的有E、F两项，再进行分析，可知E项只有television一词与空后相对应，而F项不仅出现了television，而且还有this pyramid of production这一特征词，因此正确答案为F项。

45. G　此空之前指出电视单方面向观众灌输信息（one-way tap flowing），下文则是对meaningful uploading的介绍，G项提到“网络计算机有可能改变这种一味被动接受信息的状况，鼓励人们在有选择的下载，和进行有意义的上传活动”，其中reverse the flow与前文的one-way tap flowing相对应，而meaningful uploading又与下段相对照，因此G项为正确答案。