2018年军队文职人员招聘考试《英语语言文学》真题

My idea of a holiday is to book myself into a five-star hotel and just——in the luxury for a week.

The——in Janet's character has hindered her from advancement in her career.

We hadn't realized that there would be a power cut so we are astonished when the whole house was——into the darkness.

Citizens who refuse or evade——in times of war are to be sentenced to two years of fixed-term imprisonment if the situation is serious.

He worked as a builder in Chicago and——half his monthly wage to his family in the Philippines.

The scene is so beautiful that it——my power of description.

My grandfather，a retired worker,often——the past with a feeling of longing and respect.

Their happiness was very——.

Despite his wealth and position, he has an——personality.

Although the disease threatens the lives of several thousand people every year,the——of supplies and equipment has hampered the progress of medical research for a cure.

Reports say that carlier this year, the suspect was taken to a hospital for medical treatment but remained in police——.

As my exams are coming next week, I will take advantage of this week to——on some reading.

To save gas, people should be encouraged to join the car——instead of fining them when found in such activities.

Rain is welcome, but a（an）—— large amount of rainfall will cause floods.

Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients’wishes，there are several practical reasons why doctors should—— to involve patients in their medical care decisions.

——with the size of the country,the number of population does not seem large at all.

Stephen Hawking has made another wonderful discovery,——of great importance to science.

We went to the nightclub last night, and we asked the waiter for——and——.

The committee can't come to a decision, because——at odds.

Engines to machines——hearts to animals.

Which of the following is in the southwest of America?——

During the reign of——,the church in England asserted its independence from the Roman Catholic Church.

——is the highest juridical officer in Britain.

The Economist is one of the most important——in Britain.

Transcendentalism is movement started in the US by——

In cross-cultural communication,——mistakes is not so obvious as grammatical ones but are even more disastrous.

The word meaning in the dictionary is called the——meaning.

——is sometimes called "the world's biggest farm".

In the history of English literature，the second half of the 18th century is sometimes called——

Which of the following is not one of "the Lake Poets"?——

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.

“In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.

Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.

“This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said.

With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight.

Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.

“In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.

Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.

“This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said.

With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight.

Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.

What does the passage say about the Kepler space telescope?

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.

“In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.

Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.

“This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said.

With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight.

Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.

According to paragraph 4, Kepler 452b——

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.

“In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.

Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.

“This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said.

With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight.

Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.

It's very possible for life to rise on Kepler-452b because of all of the following reasonsEXCEPT.——

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.

“In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.

Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.

“This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said.

With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight.

Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.

It can be inferred from the passage that——

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to?

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis ?

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

The text provides support for which of the following statements ?

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

The author of the text is primarily concerned with——

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt——

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as——

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt's books book EXCEPT:——

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which itpropounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring， not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works?Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomey's Cane，verges on expressionism or surrcalism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spitc of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to——

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to——

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition?

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work?