2022年下半年教师资格《高中英语学科知识与教学能力》押题密卷题

Which of the following strategies belongs to communication strategy?

Which type of approach can best describe the following learning pattern Students search for materials in self-assess center.

In a listening class, the teacher asks students to write a broad outline according to their notes which are made during listening. Which stage does this activity belong to?

Which of the following activities can be adopted at the pre-reading stage?

Which of the following statements is NOT a way of consolidating vocabulary?

When a teacher leads students to guess the meaning of a new word based on the contextual clue, which one of the following approaches does he use?

You _________be too cautious when you are driving especially on the freeway.

What's the starting point and destination of English course?

What should the teacher try to avoid when selecting listening materials?

Cooperative learning emphasizes on and collective responsibility.

Questioning plays an important role for the classroom teaching. Which of the following questions does not belong to comprehensive questions?

After teaching sounds, a teacher makes a test that aims to find out which sounds students are not able to pronounce. This test belongs to_________.

Which of the following shows the proper pronunciation of the segment "did you" inconnected speech?

What vocabulary learning strategy does the following activity help to train?

The teacher created a situation and asked students to think of words and expressions that can be used in that situation.

The phoneme/v/in the first word of all the following phrases changes to/f/except__________.

__________aims to help students to pay attention to teaching content efficiently at the beginning of the class.

Much of the debate on an ongoing society in China has focused on the extended families__________ the number of "empty-nets" is growing by the millions every year.

The producers of oil and other __________ commodities have an advantage.

It is not easy to learn English well, but if you__________, you will succeed in the end.

Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation from others?

It is said that the agreement __________ between the two companies last month will become effective from May 1st.

In which of the following situations is the teacher playing the role of observer?

--I can make it to your concert around 9 o'clock tomorrow night.

--Well, by the time you arrive, I __________my preference.

According to the componential analysis, the words"girl" and"woman" differ in the feature of__________.

Which of the following is a communicative activity?

When a teacher makes a lesson plan, he should do all of the following EXCEPT_____________

What is the teacher doing by saying this in terms of instruction?

"Now, did the questions help you underst and the text better?"

A student has something in his mind and he should ignore the irrelevant parts and read to locate specific information when reading. Which of the following strategies can be used?

Anyone __________in the exam will be punished.

Which stage of the speaking lesson is the least controlled by teachers?

A teacher showed students an example and explained the usage of past perfect tense, and asked students to list ten "past perfect tense" sentences by imitating that example. What's the teacher' s grammar teaching method?

The relationship between "furniture" and "desk" is

When you talk to your boss or to your friends, you use different words. We could analyze this phenomenon with_________

To achieve fluency, when should correction be conducted?

I'm sure that your letter will get__________attention. They know you're waiting for the reply.

__________ the weather, the sports meeting will be held on time.

The factory operated_______until the order was filled.

When a student said in class, "I come home at 6 o 'clock yesterday", the teacher said "Came not corned". Which rule of effective feedback does the teacher NOT obey?

Some teachers teach reading by introducing new vocabulary and structure first and thengoing over the text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph with the students. This way is_________known as

The teacher __________ expects his students to pass the university entrance examination.

Which of the following words in bold is pronounced with a falling tone?

Some criminal courts have overcrowded schedules and a backlog of cases. The underlined phrase means__________.

I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people__________respectfully on either side.

Which of the following has the least effect on the effectiveness of questions in classes？

Which of the following does not make a good English teacher

--The song"Where did the time go?"__________the old days and the love of my family.

--Sure.It′s also my favorite song.

English course objectives at the stage of basic education include five aspects,which are,students′language skills,language knowledge,emotional attitude,cultural awareness and__________.

__________is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use?in different speech communities.

The heart is__________intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.

Experience is a hard teacher because she__________the test first,the lesson afterwards.

They are good friends.__________is no wonder that they know each other so well．

In a listening class,a teacher asks students to listen to the material carefully and try to?discriminate the speaker′s attitude towards lifelong learning．What sub-skill of listening is the?teacher training?

__________of the students in our class money for the disabled child.

In which of the following activities does the teacher mainly play the role of a Controller?

David has tried 3 times to repair the clock.He will try__________time after having a rest.

Unlike animal communication systems,human language is__________.

Which of the following words doesn′t have three syllables?

Passage 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"

Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became he

Passage 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"

Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became he

Passage 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"

Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became he

Passage 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"

Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became he

Passage 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was?surprisingly straight up．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out?and said he was leaving"to pursue my goal of running a company,"Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision,"McGee says．Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the?board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of?company he wanted to run．It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations．And McGee isn′t alone．In recent weeks the No．2 executives at Avon and American Express quit?with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post．As boards-scrutinize succession plans in?response to shareholder pressure,executives who don′t get the nod also may wish to move on．A?turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements?cloud their reputations．

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the?jump without a net．In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous?boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research．As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders．

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional．For years?executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the?ones who must be poached．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:"I can′t think of a single?search I′ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first．"

Those who jumped without a job haven′t always landed in top positions quickly．Ellen Marram?quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO．It was a year before she?became he

Passage 1

These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.

In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.

Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.

Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used

Passage 1

These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.

In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.

Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.

Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used

Passage 1

These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.

In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.

Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.

Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used

Passage 1

These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.

In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.

Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.

Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used

Passage 1

These days,many large city buildings are equipped with their own air-conditioning systems.These systems help keep the buildings cool,but they can also damage the environment.Since they?use a lot of electricity,for instance,they contribute indirectly to global warming.In addition,the?water that flows through the systems is often cooled using chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons,or?CFCs,that are believed to damage the Earth′s ozone layer.Recently,though,a system has been?built in the city of Toronto,Canada,that cools buildings with little damage to the environment.

In the traditional air-conditioning systems found in most large buildings,water is pumped?through the building in a continuous cycle.The water is first cooled to a temperature of 4℃in?machines called chillers.It is then sent to individual units that cool the air in each room.As the?water flows through the building,it gradually becomes warmer.Finally,it reaches the roof,where it?is left to cool down naturally in a water tower.After that it is returned to the chillers,where the cycle?begins again.

Toronto lies on the shore of Lake Ontario,one of North America′s Great Lakes,and the new?system makes use of cold water taken from about 80 meters below the surface of the lake.At this?depth,the water in the lake remains at 4℃all year round.This is exactly the temperature to which?the water in air-conditioning systems is cooled.However,the water from the lake is not pumped?directly into the air-conditioning systems.Instead,it is used to cool the water that is already inside?the air-conditioning systems.After that,the lake water is added to the city′s ordinary water supply.

Enwave,the company that developed this deep-lake cooling system,says that it uses 75 percent?less energy than traditional air conditioning.And since no CFCs are used,no damage can be caused?to the ozone layer.Not every city is located next to a large lake,but experts believe that systems like?the one being used

A student finds it difficult to learn the English sounds [θ] and [e]. If you are the teacher,which of the following strategies can be used?

Betty advised me to label our luggage carefully in case it gets__________in transit.

Which of the following statements about meaningful practice is NOT true?

Which of the following is the proper pronunciation of "his pen" as a result of assimilation?

The policeman ran after the man and __________ him by the arm.

The police have offered a large __________ for information leading to the robber's arrest.

请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。

Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.

In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.

The passage is mainly discussing__________.

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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。

Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.

In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.

One of the factors that tend to promote social change is__________.

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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。

Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.

In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。

Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.

In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.

The expression "greater tolerance" (Para. 1) refers to__________.

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请阅读Passage 1。完成第小题。

Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.

In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,becauseof thesharpdifferencein appearance between them and their white counterparts.

Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because__________.

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Passage 2

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears ove

Passage 2

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears ove

Passage 2

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears ove

Passage 2

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears ove

Passage 2

In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weld. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."

Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent."When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property fights over these seeds," he said.

Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears ove

Passage 1

It's one of our common beliefs that mice are afraid of cats. Scientists have long known that even if a mouse has never seen a cat before, it is still able to detect chemical signals released from it and run away in fear. This has always been thought to be something that is hard-wired into a mouse s brain.

But now Wendy Ingram, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, has challenged this common sense. She has found a way to"cure" mice of their inborn fear of cats by infecting them with a parasite, reported the science journal Nature.

The parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, might sound unfamiliar to you, but the shocking fact is that up to one-third of people around the world are infected by it. This parasite can cause different diseases among humans, especially pregnant women--it is linked to blindness and the death of unborn babies.

However, the parasite's effects on mice are unique. Ingram and her team measured how mice reacted to a cat's urine(尿) before and after it was infected by the parasite. They noted that normal mice stayed far away from the urine while mice that were infected with the parasite walked freely around the test area.

But that's not all. The parasite was found to be more powerful than originally thought—even after researchers cured the mice of the infection. They no longer reacted with fear to a cat's smell,which could indicate that the infection has caused a permanent change in mice's brains.

Why does a parasite change a mouse's brain instead of making it sick like it does to humans?

The answer lies in evolution.

"It's exciting scary to know how a parasite can manipulate a mouse's brain this way," Ingram said. But she also finds it inspiring."Typically if you have a bacterial infection, you go to a doctor and take antibiotics and the infection is cleared and you expect all the symptoms to also go away."

She said, but this study has proven that wrong."This may

Passage 1

It's one of our common beliefs that mice are afraid of cats. Scientists have long known that even if a mouse has never seen a cat before, it is still able to detect chemical signals released from it and run away in fear. This has always been thought to be something that is hard-wired into a mouse s brain.

But now Wendy Ingram, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, has challenged this common sense. She has found a way to"cure" mice of their inborn fear of cats by infecting them with a parasite, reported the science journal Nature.

The parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, might sound unfamiliar to you, but the shocking fact is that up to one-third of people around the world are infected by it. This parasite can cause different diseases among humans, especially pregnant women--it is linked to blindness and the death of unborn babies.

However, the parasite's effects on mice are unique. Ingram and her team measured how mice reacted to a cat's urine(尿) before and after it was infected by the parasite. They noted that normal mice stayed far away from the urine while mice that were infected with the parasite walked freely around the test area.

But that's not all. The parasite was found to be more powerful than originally thought—even after researchers cured the mice of the infection. They no longer reacted with fear to a cat's smell,which could indicate that the infection has caused a permanent change in mice's brains.

Why does a parasite change a mouse's brain instead of making it sick like it does to humans?

The answer lies in evolution.

"It's exciting scary to know how a parasite can manipulate a mouse's brain this way," Ingram said. But she also finds it inspiring."Typically if you have a bacterial infection, you go to a doctor and take antibiotics and the infection is cleared and you expect all the symptoms to also go away."

She said, but this study has proven that wrong."This may

Passage 1

It's one of our common beliefs that mice are afraid of cats. Scientists have long known that even if a mouse has never seen a cat before, it is still able to detect chemical signals released from it and run away in fear. This has always been thought to be something that is hard-wired into a mouse s brain.

But now Wendy Ingram, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, has challenged this common sense. She has found a way to"cure" mice of their inborn fear of cats by infecting them with a parasite, reported the science journal Nature.

The parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, might sound unfamiliar to you, but the shocking fact is that up to one-third of people around the world are infected by it. This parasite can cause different diseases among humans, especially pregnant women--it is linked to blindness and the death of unborn babies.

However, the parasite's effects on mice are unique. Ingram and her team measured how mice reacted to a cat's urine(尿) before and after it was infected by the parasite. They noted that normal mice stayed far away from the urine while mice that were infected with the parasite walked freely around the test area.

But that's not all. The parasite was found to be more powerful than originally thought—even after researchers cured the mice of the infection. They no longer reacted with fear to a cat's smell,which could indicate that the infection has caused a permanent change in mice's brains.

Why does a parasite change a mouse's brain instead of making it sick like it does to humans?

The answer lies in evolution.

"It's exciting scary to know how a parasite can manipulate a mouse's brain this way," Ingram said. But she also finds it inspiring."Typically if you have a bacterial infection, you go to a doctor and take antibiotics and the infection is cleared and you expect all the symptoms to also go away."

She said, but this study has proven that wrong."This may

Passage 1

It's one of our common beliefs that mice are afraid of cats. Scientists have long known that even if a mouse has never seen a cat before, it is still able to detect chemical signals released from it and run away in fear. This has always been thought to be something that is hard-wired into a mouse s brain.

But now Wendy Ingram, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, has challenged this common sense. She has found a way to"cure" mice of their inborn fear of cats by infecting them with a parasite, reported the science journal Nature.

The parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, might sound unfamiliar to you, but the shocking fact is that up to one-third of people around the world are infected by it. This parasite can cause different diseases among humans, especially pregnant women--it is linked to blindness and the death of unborn babies.

However, the parasite's effects on mice are unique. Ingram and her team measured how mice reacted to a cat's urine(尿) before and after it was infected by the parasite. They noted that normal mice stayed far away from the urine while mice that were infected with the parasite walked freely around the test area.

But that's not all. The parasite was found to be more powerful than originally thought—even after researchers cured the mice of the infection. They no longer reacted with fear to a cat's smell,which could indicate that the infection has caused a permanent change in mice's brains.

Why does a parasite change a mouse's brain instead of making it sick like it does to humans?

The answer lies in evolution.

"It's exciting scary to know how a parasite can manipulate a mouse's brain this way," Ingram said. But she also finds it inspiring."Typically if you have a bacterial infection, you go to a doctor and take antibiotics and the infection is cleared and you expect all the symptoms to also go away."

She said, but this study has proven that wrong."This may

Passage 1

It's one of our common beliefs that mice are afraid of cats. Scientists have long known that even if a mouse has never seen a cat before, it is still able to detect chemical signals released from it and run away in fear. This has always been thought to be something that is hard-wired into a mouse s brain.

But now Wendy Ingram, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, has challenged this common sense. She has found a way to"cure" mice of their inborn fear of cats by infecting them with a parasite, reported the science journal Nature.

The parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, might sound unfamiliar to you, but the shocking fact is that up to one-third of people around the world are infected by it. This parasite can cause different diseases among humans, especially pregnant women--it is linked to blindness and the death of unborn babies.

However, the parasite's effects on mice are unique. Ingram and her team measured how mice reacted to a cat's urine(尿) before and after it was infected by the parasite. They noted that normal mice stayed far away from the urine while mice that were infected with the parasite walked freely around the test area.

But that's not all. The parasite was found to be more powerful than originally thought—even after researchers cured the mice of the infection. They no longer reacted with fear to a cat's smell,which could indicate that the infection has caused a permanent change in mice's brains.

Why does a parasite change a mouse's brain instead of making it sick like it does to humans?

The answer lies in evolution.

"It's exciting scary to know how a parasite can manipulate a mouse's brain this way," Ingram said. But she also finds it inspiring."Typically if you have a bacterial infection, you go to a doctor and take antibiotics and the infection is cleared and you expect all the symptoms to also go away."

She said, but this study has proven that wrong."This may

Passage 2

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response,schoolsaremodifying theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

Passage 2

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response,schoolsaremodifying theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

Passage 2

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response,schoolsaremodifying theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

Passage 2

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response,schoolsaremodifying theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

Passage 2

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response,schoolsaremodifying theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

Which of the following words has the proper word stress

Passage 1

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.

Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.

He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.

Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.

The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests

Passage 1

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.

Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.

He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.

Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.

The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests

Passage 1

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.

Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.

He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.

Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.

The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests

Passage 1

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.

Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.

He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.

Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.

The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests

Passage 1

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnessesassociated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper publishedlast year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness iscomparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studiesand controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.

Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.

He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C.,about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples ofwhite blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of theirgenes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carriesinstructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA frommost genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, thatwere less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both theless active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.

Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viralinfections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Colesuspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, thisodd state of affairs has come about.

The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individualand they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, andmay thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catchingviruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests

Ibought a new bicycle, __________was very high.

It is in the Future Mall where you bought a coat___________her sister works.

Passage 1

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch′s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the"unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of acollective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

But "it′ s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home, she continued: "It′s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerousgoals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companiessuch as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it hadwith widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes--finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, AndyCoulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge--the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask andthe fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

In today′s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable forwhat happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collecti

Passage 1

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch′s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the"unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of acollective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

But "it′ s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home, she continued: "It′s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerousgoals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companiessuch as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it hadwith widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes--finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, AndyCoulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge--the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask andthe fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

In today′s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable forwhat happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collecti

Passage 1

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch′s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the"unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of acollective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

But "it′ s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home, she continued: "It′s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerousgoals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companiessuch as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it hadwith widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes--finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, AndyCoulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge--the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask andthe fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

In today′s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable forwhat happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collecti

Passage 1

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch′s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the"unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of acollective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

But "it′ s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home, she continued: "It′s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerousgoals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companiessuch as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it hadwith widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes--finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, AndyCoulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge--the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask andthe fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

In today′s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable forwhat happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collecti

Passage 1

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch′s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the"unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of acollective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.

But "it′ s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".

Driving her point home, she continued: "It′s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerousgoals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companiessuch as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it hadwith widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes--finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, AndyCoulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge--the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as wasacknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperson for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations washow little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask andthe fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was thatshe knew nothing.

In today′s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable forwhat happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collecti

Although some countries have taken action to solve the shortage of water, it may be sometime __________ the situation improves.

In the following activities, which one needs most control

Passage 1

Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.

There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

Passage 1

Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.

There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

Passage 1

Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.

There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

Passage 1

Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.

There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

Passage 1

Come on--Everybody′s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenbe~ contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their livesand possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze setsout to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLiferecruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, pleasedon′t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers--teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it′spresented here is that it doesn′t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited andmixed.

There′ s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

The one that does not belong to the approach to teaching reflection is__________.

Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not takedrugs__________directed.

His___________in alcohol mined his whole life.

How many consonant clusters exist in the sentence "The story was splashed across the frontpage of the newspaper"

Which of the letter "u"in the following words has a different pronunciation from others

It would be unwise to __________too much importance to these opinion polls.

Nowadays, there are many teenagers addicted to the Interact, __________waste a lot of timeon it.

In order to save every cent of the limited family expense, the housewife had to __________ with the grocery owner.

During the coming summer vacation, I′m going to spend half of my time playing basketball and_________ half reading books in the library.

The manager _________ the pros and cons of the situation over and over again before making a final decision.

Pronunciation covers more than just phonetic symbols and rules. It also includes ___________ , and all these are not isolated from each other.

This job is_________doing, but it isn′t_________to spend so much time on it.

_________first proposed the Speech Act Theory.

They believed that by using computers the production of their factory______.

The number of children being home educated__________in Britain has increased by 65 percent over the six years.

Large amounts of money __________ spent on the bridge, which to be completed the next month.

The older worker and the young each ___________their own tools.

___________is mainly based on formal testing, and the judgment about the learner′s performance is used for administrative purpose, e. g. checking standards and targets.

W:Beirut is in Peru,isn′t it

M :And Rome is in Romania,I suppose.

The answer of M above violated the ______maxim.

The relationship between "fruit" and "orange" is__________ .

Interlanguage, or the developing linguistic system of a second language learner, displays the following features except__________ .

Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language

Passage 1

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success ,the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However,while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players ,they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: "I may have lost, but it doesn′t matter because I really didn′t try. " What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one′s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.

What does this passage mainly talk about 查看材料

Passage 1

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success ,the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However,while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players ,they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: "I may have lost, but it doesn′t matter because I really didn′t try. " What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one′s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.

Which point of view may the author agree to 查看材料

Passage 1

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success ,the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However,while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players ,they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: "I may have lost, but it doesn′t matter because I really didn′t try. " What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one′s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.

What is the similar belief of the true competitors and those with a "desire to fail" 查看材料

Passage 1

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success ,the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However,while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players ,they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: "I may have lost, but it doesn′t matter because I really didn′t try. " What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one′s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.

Why do some people favor competition according to the passage 查看材料

Passage 1

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success ,the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However,while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players ,they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: "I may have lost, but it doesn′t matter because I really didn′t try. " What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one′s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.

The underlined phrase "the most vocal" in Paragraph 3 means__________.查看材料

Passage 2

Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Concealing one′s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments across the world.

Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a potentially harmful way. There are positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals,even stock market manipulation. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world

The offending individuals hide behind a pseudonym, protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it′s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, non-descript location. Thankfully, things are starting to change. The rise of identity-centric social networks like Facebook, Google and LinkedIn, make it increasingly more difficult to live an anonymous life on the Internet. These platforms are inherently social and rely on you, as a user, to establish a network of friends and acquaintances. This effectively c

Passage 2

Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Concealing one′s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments across the world.

Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a potentially harmful way. There are positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals,even stock market manipulation. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world

The offending individuals hide behind a pseudonym, protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it′s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, non-descript location. Thankfully, things are starting to change. The rise of identity-centric social networks like Facebook, Google and LinkedIn, make it increasingly more difficult to live an anonymous life on the Internet. These platforms are inherently social and rely on you, as a user, to establish a network of friends and acquaintances. This effectively c

Passage 2

Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Concealing one′s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments across the world.

Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a potentially harmful way. There are positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals,even stock market manipulation. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world

The offending individuals hide behind a pseudonym, protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it′s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, non-descript location. Thankfully, things are starting to change. The rise of identity-centric social networks like Facebook, Google and LinkedIn, make it increasingly more difficult to live an anonymous life on the Internet. These platforms are inherently social and rely on you, as a user, to establish a network of friends and acquaintances. This effectively c

Passage 2

Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Concealing one′s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments across the world.

Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a potentially harmful way. There are positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals,even stock market manipulation. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world

The offending individuals hide behind a pseudonym, protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it′s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, non-descript location. Thankfully, things are starting to change. The rise of identity-centric social networks like Facebook, Google and LinkedIn, make it increasingly more difficult to live an anonymous life on the Internet. These platforms are inherently social and rely on you, as a user, to establish a network of friends and acquaintances. This effectively c

Passage 2

Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Concealing one′s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments across the world.

Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a potentially harmful way. There are positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals,even stock market manipulation. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world

The offending individuals hide behind a pseudonym, protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it′s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, non-descript location. Thankfully, things are starting to change. The rise of identity-centric social networks like Facebook, Google and LinkedIn, make it increasingly more difficult to live an anonymous life on the Internet. These platforms are inherently social and rely on you, as a user, to establish a network of friends and acquaintances. This effectively c