考研英语二模拟试卷2

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.6选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.1选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.5选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.2选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.3选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.4选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.11选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.7选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.17选?

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.9选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.14选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.16选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.12选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.13选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.8选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.15选？

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.10选？

Text 1 Last year nearly one miUion Americans filed for bankruptcy.That is far fewer than the number who used to seek bankruptcy protection before the law was made tougher a decade ago.This reform may have done more harm than good.The aim of bankniptcy law is to give people relief from unpay-able debts.Some two-thirds of individual bankruptcies are due to a lost job.Many bankrupts need time to get back on their feet.In the mid-2000s Chapter 7 rules made it easy to wash away debts.That initated credit-card finns,which claimed that spendthrifts abused the system;so in 2005 the law was toughened.The idea was to shift people to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy,where they would have to repay some of the debt.The reform had a big impact.At least at first,Chapter 13 filings rose relative to Chapter 7 ones.And a new paper,from Stefania Albanesi,of the New York Federal Reserve,and Jaromir Nosal,of Columbia University,finds that the reform led to a permanent drop in the bankruptcy rate.However,other recent research suggests that this is not necessarily a good thing.Will Dobbie,of Princeton University,and Jae Song,of the SociaJ Securiiy AdminisLration,look at Chapter 13 bankrupLcies before the reforms of 2005.They link half a million bankruptcy filings to tax records and use a novel technique to analyse them.Because some bankruptcy judges are more merciful than others,people in similar straits may end up wiLh different bankruptcy decisions.This quirk allows some useful comparisons.Messrs Dobbie and Song argue that easier bankruptcy laws have good microeconomic effects.lf a creditor may no longer claim large chunks of a bankrupt's salary,that may increase his incentive to work-and decrease his need to slip out of town,change his job and close down his bank account.On average,those granted bankrupLcy eamed over 6,000 more in the subsequent year than similarly-placed plaintiffs who were rejected.The unlucky ones found it trickier to service their mortgages.Michelle White of the University of California,San Diego and colleagues found that bankruptcy reform caused the default rate on prime mortgages to rise 23%.Making consumer-bankruptcy law more debtor-friendly could hit Americans in other ways.If lenders are exposed to bigger losses,some argue,interest rates for such things as creditcards are bound to rise.But that danger can be overstated.Credit-card comparues may be reluctant to charge rates higher than their competitors'lest they attract more customers-those not put off by high rates because they know that,with luck,they won't have to pay their debts back.

Creditors are unlikely to raise their rates because_____

Text 2 Economic refugees have traditionally lined up to get into America.lAtely,they have been lining up to leave.In the past few months,half a dozen biggish comparues have announced plans to merge with foreign partners and in the process move their corporate homes abroad.The motive is simple:corporate taxes are lower in Ireland,Britain and,for that matter,almost everywhere else than they are in America.In Washington,D.C.,policymakers have reacted wiLh indignation.Jack Lew,the treasury secretary,has quesLioned che companies'patriotism and called on Congress to outlaw such transactions.His fellow Democrats are eager to oblige,and some Republicans are willing to listen.The proposals are misguided.Tightening the rules on corporate"inversions",as these moves are called,does nothing to deal with the reason why so many firms want to leave:America has the rich world's most dysfunctional corporate-tax system.It needs fundamental reform,not new complications.America's corporate tax has two horrible flaws.The first is the tax rate,which at 35%is the lughest among the 34 mostly rich-country members of the OECD.Yet it raises less revenue than the OECD average ihanks to countless loopholes and tax breaks aimed at everything from machinery investment to NASCAR race tracks.Last year these breaks cost$150 billion in forgone revenue,more than half of what America collected in total corporate taxes.The second flaw is that America levies lax on a company's income no matter where in the world it is eamed.In contrast,every other large rich country taxes only income eamed within its borders.Here,too,America's system is absurdly ineffective at collecting money.Firms do not have to pay tax on foreign profits until Lhey bring them back home.Not surprisingly,many do not:American multinationals have some$2 trillion sittiry;on their foreign units'balance-sheets,and growing.All this imposes big costs on the economy.The high rate discourages investment and loopholes distort it,because decisions are driven by tax considerations rather than a project's economic merits.The tax rate companies actually pay varies wildly,depending on cheir type of business and the creativity of their lawyers:some pay close to zero,others the fuU 35%.But as other countries chopped their rates and America's stayed the same,the incentive to flee grew.A possible solution is to lower the corporate rate,eliminate tax breaks and move America from a worldwide system to a territonal one.

According to Paragraph 2,the act of some companies has______

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.18选？

Text 2 Economic refugees have traditionally lined up to get into America.lAtely,they have been lining up to leave.In the past few months,half a dozen biggish comparues have announced plans to merge with foreign partners and in the process move their corporate homes abroad.The motive is simple:corporate taxes are lower in Ireland,Britain and,for that matter,almost everywhere else than they are in America.In Washington,D.C.,policymakers have reacted wiLh indignation.Jack Lew,the treasury secretary,has quesLioned che companies'patriotism and called on Congress to outlaw such transactions.His fellow Democrats are eager to oblige,and some Republicans are willing to listen.The proposals are misguided.Tightening the rules on corporate"inversions",as these moves are called,does nothing to deal with the reason why so many firms want to leave:America has the rich world's most dysfunctional corporate-tax system.It needs fundamental reform,not new complications.America's corporate tax has two horrible flaws.The first is the tax rate,which at 35%is the lughest among the 34 mostly rich-country members of the OECD.Yet it raises less revenue than the OECD average ihanks to countless loopholes and tax breaks aimed at everything from machinery investment to NASCAR race tracks.Last year these breaks cost$150 billion in forgone revenue,more than half of what America collected in total corporate taxes.The second flaw is that America levies lax on a company's income no matter where in the world it is eamed.In contrast,every other large rich country taxes only income eamed within its borders.Here,too,America's system is absurdly ineffective at collecting money.Firms do not have to pay tax on foreign profits until Lhey bring them back home.Not surprisingly,many do not:American multinationals have some$2 trillion sittiry;on their foreign units'balance-sheets,and growing.All this imposes big costs on the economy.The high rate discourages investment and loopholes distort it,because decisions are driven by tax considerations rather than a project's economic merits.The tax rate companies actually pay varies wildly,depending on cheir type of business and the creativity of their lawyers:some pay close to zero,others the fuU 35%.But as other countries chopped their rates and America's stayed the same,the incentive to flee grew.A possible solution is to lower the corporate rate,eliminate tax breaks and move America from a worldwide system to a territonal one.

The author suggests that the corporate-tax system in America is_____

Text 2 Economic refugees have traditionally lined up to get into America.lAtely,they have been lining up to leave.In the past few months,half a dozen biggish comparues have announced plans to merge with foreign partners and in the process move their corporate homes abroad.The motive is simple:corporate taxes are lower in Ireland,Britain and,for that matter,almost everywhere else than they are in America.In Washington,D.C.,policymakers have reacted wiLh indignation.Jack Lew,the treasury secretary,has quesLioned che companies'patriotism and called on Congress to outlaw such transactions.His fellow Democrats are eager to oblige,and some Republicans are willing to listen.The proposals are misguided.Tightening the rules on corporate"inversions",as these moves are called,does nothing to deal with the reason why so many firms want to leave:America has the rich world's most dysfunctional corporate-tax system.It needs fundamental reform,not new complications.America's corporate tax has two horrible flaws.The first is the tax rate,which at 35%is the lughest among the 34 mostly rich-country members of the OECD.Yet it raises less revenue than the OECD average ihanks to countless loopholes and tax breaks aimed at everything from machinery investment to NASCAR race tracks.Last year these breaks cost$150 billion in forgone revenue,more than half of what America collected in total corporate taxes.The second flaw is that America levies lax on a company's income no matter where in the world it is eamed.In contrast,every other large rich country taxes only income eamed within its borders.Here,too,America's system is absurdly ineffective at collecting money.Firms do not have to pay tax on foreign profits until Lhey bring them back home.Not surprisingly,many do not:American multinationals have some$2 trillion sittiry;on their foreign units'balance-sheets,and growing.All this imposes big costs on the economy.The high rate discourages investment and loopholes distort it,because decisions are driven by tax considerations rather than a project's economic merits.The tax rate companies actually pay varies wildly,depending on cheir type of business and the creativity of their lawyers:some pay close to zero,others the fuU 35%.But as other countries chopped their rates and America's stayed the same,the incentive to flee grew.A possible solution is to lower the corporate rate,eliminate tax breaks and move America from a worldwide system to a territonal one.

Many corporations decide to withdraw from America because of_____

Text 1 Last year nearly one miUion Americans filed for bankruptcy.That is far fewer than the number who used to seek bankruptcy protection before the law was made tougher a decade ago.This reform may have done more harm than good.The aim of bankniptcy law is to give people relief from unpay-able debts.Some two-thirds of individual bankruptcies are due to a lost job.Many bankrupts need time to get back on their feet.In the mid-2000s Chapter 7 rules made it easy to wash away debts.That initated credit-card finns,which claimed that spendthrifts abused the system;so in 2005 the law was toughened.The idea was to shift people to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy,where they would have to repay some of the debt.The reform had a big impact.At least at first,Chapter 13 filings rose relative to Chapter 7 ones.And a new paper,from Stefania Albanesi,of the New York Federal Reserve,and Jaromir Nosal,of Columbia University,finds that the reform led to a permanent drop in the bankruptcy rate.However,other recent research suggests that this is not necessarily a good thing.Will Dobbie,of Princeton University,and Jae Song,of the SociaJ Securiiy AdminisLration,look at Chapter 13 bankrupLcies before the reforms of 2005.They link half a million bankruptcy filings to tax records and use a novel technique to analyse them.Because some bankruptcy judges are more merciful than others,people in similar straits may end up wiLh different bankruptcy decisions.This quirk allows some useful comparisons.Messrs Dobbie and Song argue that easier bankruptcy laws have good microeconomic effects.lf a creditor may no longer claim large chunks of a bankrupt's salary,that may increase his incentive to work-and decrease his need to slip out of town,change his job and close down his bank account.On average,those granted bankrupLcy eamed over 6,000 more in the subsequent year than similarly-placed plaintiffs who were rejected.The unlucky ones found it trickier to service their mortgages.Michelle White of the University of California,San Diego and colleagues found that bankruptcy reform caused the default rate on prime mortgages to rise 23%.Making consumer-bankruptcy law more debtor-friendly could hit Americans in other ways.If lenders are exposed to bigger losses,some argue,interest rates for such things as creditcards are bound to rise.But that danger can be overstated.Credit-card comparues may be reluctant to charge rates higher than their competitors'lest they attract more customers-those not put off by high rates because they know that,with luck,they won't have to pay their debts back.

Credit-card firms were angry because_____

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.19选？

Text 1 Last year nearly one miUion Americans filed for bankruptcy.That is far fewer than the number who used to seek bankruptcy protection before the law was made tougher a decade ago.This reform may have done more harm than good.The aim of bankniptcy law is to give people relief from unpay-able debts.Some two-thirds of individual bankruptcies are due to a lost job.Many bankrupts need time to get back on their feet.In the mid-2000s Chapter 7 rules made it easy to wash away debts.That initated credit-card finns,which claimed that spendthrifts abused the system;so in 2005 the law was toughened.The idea was to shift people to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy,where they would have to repay some of the debt.The reform had a big impact.At least at first,Chapter 13 filings rose relative to Chapter 7 ones.And a new paper,from Stefania Albanesi,of the New York Federal Reserve,and Jaromir Nosal,of Columbia University,finds that the reform led to a permanent drop in the bankruptcy rate.However,other recent research suggests that this is not necessarily a good thing.Will Dobbie,of Princeton University,and Jae Song,of the SociaJ Securiiy AdminisLration,look at Chapter 13 bankrupLcies before the reforms of 2005.They link half a million bankruptcy filings to tax records and use a novel technique to analyse them.Because some bankruptcy judges are more merciful than others,people in similar straits may end up wiLh different bankruptcy decisions.This quirk allows some useful comparisons.Messrs Dobbie and Song argue that easier bankruptcy laws have good microeconomic effects.lf a creditor may no longer claim large chunks of a bankrupt's salary,that may increase his incentive to work-and decrease his need to slip out of town,change his job and close down his bank account.On average,those granted bankrupLcy eamed over 6,000 more in the subsequent year than similarly-placed plaintiffs who were rejected.The unlucky ones found it trickier to service their mortgages.Michelle White of the University of California,San Diego and colleagues found that bankruptcy reform caused the default rate on prime mortgages to rise 23%.Making consumer-bankruptcy law more debtor-friendly could hit Americans in other ways.If lenders are exposed to bigger losses,some argue,interest rates for such things as creditcards are bound to rise.But that danger can be overstated.Credit-card comparues may be reluctant to charge rates higher than their competitors'lest they attract more customers-those not put off by high rates because they know that,with luck,they won't have to pay their debts back.

Dobbie and Song believe that easier bankruptcy laws____.

Text 2 Economic refugees have traditionally lined up to get into America.lAtely,they have been lining up to leave.In the past few months,half a dozen biggish comparues have announced plans to merge with foreign partners and in the process move their corporate homes abroad.The motive is simple:corporate taxes are lower in Ireland,Britain and,for that matter,almost everywhere else than they are in America.In Washington,D.C.,policymakers have reacted wiLh indignation.Jack Lew,the treasury secretary,has quesLioned che companies'patriotism and called on Congress to outlaw such transactions.His fellow Democrats are eager to oblige,and some Republicans are willing to listen.The proposals are misguided.Tightening the rules on corporate"inversions",as these moves are called,does nothing to deal with the reason why so many firms want to leave:America has the rich world's most dysfunctional corporate-tax system.It needs fundamental reform,not new complications.America's corporate tax has two horrible flaws.The first is the tax rate,which at 35%is the lughest among the 34 mostly rich-country members of the OECD.Yet it raises less revenue than the OECD average ihanks to countless loopholes and tax breaks aimed at everything from machinery investment to NASCAR race tracks.Last year these breaks cost$150 billion in forgone revenue,more than half of what America collected in total corporate taxes.The second flaw is that America levies lax on a company's income no matter where in the world it is eamed.In contrast,every other large rich country taxes only income eamed within its borders.Here,too,America's system is absurdly ineffective at collecting money.Firms do not have to pay tax on foreign profits until Lhey bring them back home.Not surprisingly,many do not:American multinationals have some$2 trillion sittiry;on their foreign units'balance-sheets,and growing.All this imposes big costs on the economy.The high rate discourages investment and loopholes distort it,because decisions are driven by tax considerations rather than a project's economic merits.The tax rate companies actually pay varies wildly,depending on cheir type of business and the creativity of their lawyers:some pay close to zero,others the fuU 35%.But as other countries chopped their rates and America's stayed the same,the incentive to flee grew.A possible solution is to lower the corporate rate,eliminate tax breaks and move America from a worldwide system to a territonal one.

We can infer from Paragraph 4 that______

Any sufficiently advanced technology,noLed Arthur C.Clarke,a British science-fiction writer,is indistinguishable from magic.The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 1.Using it is just like casting a spell:say a few words inLo the air,and a nearby device can 2 your wish.The Amazon Echo,a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa,can 3 music tracks and radio stations,tell jokes,answer trivia questions and control smart 4;even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4qo of American house holds.Voice assistants are 5 in smartphones,too:Apple's Siri 6 0ver2 billion commands a week,and 20%of Google 7 0n Android powered handsets in America are input by voice.Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 8 enough to be useful.Why type when you can talk?This is a huge shift.Simple 9 it may seem,voice has the power to transform computing,by providing a natural means of interaction.Windows,icons and menus,and then touchscreens,were welcomed as more 10 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard 11.But being able to talk to computers.12 the need for the abstraction of a"user interface"at aLI.13 mobile phones were more than exisLing phones without wires,and cars were more than carriages without horses,so computers without screens and keyboards have the 14 to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today.Voice will not wholly 15 other forms of input and output.SomeLimes it will remain more 16 to converse with a machine by Lyping rather than talking.But voice is destined to 17 a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them,from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assisLants in corporate call-centres.18,to reach its full potential,the technology requires 19.breakthroughs-and a resolution of the 20 questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.20选？

Text 1 Last year nearly one miUion Americans filed for bankruptcy.That is far fewer than the number who used to seek bankruptcy protection before the law was made tougher a decade ago.This reform may have done more harm than good.The aim of bankniptcy law is to give people relief from unpay-able debts.Some two-thirds of individual bankruptcies are due to a lost job.Many bankrupts need time to get back on their feet.In the mid-2000s Chapter 7 rules made it easy to wash away debts.That initated credit-card finns,which claimed that spendthrifts abused the system;so in 2005 the law was toughened.The idea was to shift people to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy,where they would have to repay some of the debt.The reform had a big impact.At least at first,Chapter 13 filings rose relative to Chapter 7 ones.And a new paper,from Stefania Albanesi,of the New York Federal Reserve,and Jaromir Nosal,of Columbia University,finds that the reform led to a permanent drop in the bankruptcy rate.However,other recent research suggests that this is not necessarily a good thing.Will Dobbie,of Princeton University,and Jae Song,of the SociaJ Securiiy AdminisLration,look at Chapter 13 bankrupLcies before the reforms of 2005.They link half a million bankruptcy filings to tax records and use a novel technique to analyse them.Because some bankruptcy judges are more merciful than others,people in similar straits may end up wiLh different bankruptcy decisions.This quirk allows some useful comparisons.Messrs Dobbie and Song argue that easier bankruptcy laws have good microeconomic effects.lf a creditor may no longer claim large chunks of a bankrupt's salary,that may increase his incentive to work-and decrease his need to slip out of town,change his job and close down his bank account.On average,those granted bankrupLcy eamed over 6,000 more in the subsequent year than similarly-placed plaintiffs who were rejected.The unlucky ones found it trickier to service their mortgages.Michelle White of the University of California,San Diego and colleagues found that bankruptcy reform caused the default rate on prime mortgages to rise 23%.Making consumer-bankruptcy law more debtor-friendly could hit Americans in other ways.If lenders are exposed to bigger losses,some argue,interest rates for such things as creditcards are bound to rise.But that danger can be overstated.Credit-card comparues may be reluctant to charge rates higher than their competitors'lest they attract more customers-those not put off by high rates because they know that,with luck,they won't have to pay their debts back.

According to Paragraph l,bankruptcy law is designed to_____

Text 1 Last year nearly one miUion Americans filed for bankruptcy.That is far fewer than the number who used to seek bankruptcy protection before the law was made tougher a decade ago.This reform may have done more harm than good.The aim of bankniptcy law is to give people relief from unpay-able debts.Some two-thirds of individual bankruptcies are due to a lost job.Many bankrupts need time to get back on their feet.In the mid-2000s Chapter 7 rules made it easy to wash away debts.That initated credit-card finns,which claimed that spendthrifts abused the system;so in 2005 the law was toughened.The idea was to shift people to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy,where they would have to repay some of the debt.The reform had a big impact.At least at first,Chapter 13 filings rose relative to Chapter 7 ones.And a new paper,from Stefania Albanesi,of the New York Federal Reserve,and Jaromir Nosal,of Columbia University,finds that the reform led to a permanent drop in the bankruptcy rate.However,other recent research suggests that this is not necessarily a good thing.Will Dobbie,of Princeton University,and Jae Song,of the SociaJ Securiiy AdminisLration,look at Chapter 13 bankrupLcies before the reforms of 2005.They link half a million bankruptcy filings to tax records and use a novel technique to analyse them.Because some bankruptcy judges are more merciful than others,people in similar straits may end up wiLh different bankruptcy decisions.This quirk allows some useful comparisons.Messrs Dobbie and Song argue that easier bankruptcy laws have good microeconomic effects.lf a creditor may no longer claim large chunks of a bankrupt's salary,that may increase his incentive to work-and decrease his need to slip out of town,change his job and close down his bank account.On average,those granted bankrupLcy eamed over 6,000 more in the subsequent year than similarly-placed plaintiffs who were rejected.The unlucky ones found it trickier to service their mortgages.Michelle White of the University of California,San Diego and colleagues found that bankruptcy reform caused the default rate on prime mortgages to rise 23%.Making consumer-bankruptcy law more debtor-friendly could hit Americans in other ways.If lenders are exposed to bigger losses,some argue,interest rates for such things as creditcards are bound to rise.But that danger can be overstated.Credit-card comparues may be reluctant to charge rates higher than their competitors'lest they attract more customers-those not put off by high rates because they know that,with luck,they won't have to pay their debts back.

The word"sLraits"（Line 5,Para.3）is closest in meaning to_____

Text 3 Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain,rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary,the backlash had begun.Boris Johnson,the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan,spluttered in advance,then branded the decision"shortsighted".NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Catwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending ninways at one of those airports.Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy rire.To make mat-ters worse,he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel,Heathrow and Gatwick are both full,or close to it,and want to expand.But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market.Some 37%of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights.Nearly a third of its customers are on business.By contrast,only 13%of Gatwick's cusiomers are business travellers.Most are going on holiday.Just 7%transfer there-a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2,which opened in June,is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks lo entice rich passengers.At CaLwick,recenL improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers:a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families,while an area in ihe southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers,with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop.The airports'managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop,and its place in the broader economy.Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airporls are,and will remain,vital.Without further expansion,boosters argue,fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen.If the capaciiy plight persists,domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or canceUed.European airports will pick up those passengers inslead."That's our CDP leaking out,"says Jon Proudlove,Lhe general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.Not surpnsingly,Calwick takes a different view.Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive.poinls out Sir Roy McNulty,chairman of the Gatwick group.People are travelling in different ways,with more"self-connecting"to keep costs down.AIthough connections with emerging markets are important.Europe and North America will remain Bricain's largesl trading partners,he argues.London will be a deslinalion in its own right.

it can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____

Text 3 Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain,rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary,the backlash had begun.Boris Johnson,the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan,spluttered in advance,then branded the decision"shortsighted".NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Catwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending ninways at one of those airports.Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy rire.To make mat-ters worse,he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel,Heathrow and Gatwick are both full,or close to it,and want to expand.But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market.Some 37%of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights.Nearly a third of its customers are on business.By contrast,only 13%of Gatwick's cusiomers are business travellers.Most are going on holiday.Just 7%transfer there-a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2,which opened in June,is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks lo entice rich passengers.At CaLwick,recenL improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers:a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families,while an area in ihe southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers,with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop.The airports'managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop,and its place in the broader economy.Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airporls are,and will remain,vital.Without further expansion,boosters argue,fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen.If the capaciiy plight persists,domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or canceUed.European airports will pick up those passengers inslead."That's our CDP leaking out,"says Jon Proudlove,Lhe general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.Not surpnsingly,Calwick takes a different view.Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive.poinls out Sir Roy McNulty,chairman of the Gatwick group.People are travelling in different ways,with more"self-connecting"to keep costs down.AIthough connections with emerging markets are important.Europe and North America will remain Bricain's largesl trading partners,he argues.London will be a deslinalion in its own right.

Domestic tlights at Heathrow may be cancelled if______

Text 4 Eva Ullmann took her master's degree in 2002 0n the part that humour has to play in psychotherapy,and became hooked on the subject.In 2005 she founded the German Insiitute for Humour in Leipzig.It is dedicated to"the combination of seriousness and humour".She offers lectures,seminars and personal coaching to managers,from small firms tO such corporate giants as Deutsche Bank and Telekom.Her latest project is to help train medical studenis and doctors.There is nothing peculiarly German about humour training.It was John Morreall,an American,who showed that humour is a market segment in the ever-expanding American genre of self-help.In the past two decades,humour has gone global.An Intemational Humour Congress was held in Amsterdam in 2000.And yet Cermans know that the rest of the world considers them to be at a particular disadvantage.The issue is not comedy.of which Germany has plenty.The late Vicco von Biilow,alias Loriot,delighied the elite wiLh his mockery of German senousness and stiffness.Rhenish,Swabian and other regional flavours thrive-Gerhard Polt,a bad-tempered Bavarian,now 72,is a Shakespeare among Lhem.There is lowbrow talent ioo,including OLto Waalkes,a Frisian buffoon.Most of this,however,is as foreigners always suspected:more embanassing Lhan funny.Germans can often be observed laughing,loudly.And they try hard."They cannot produce good humour,but they can consume it,"says James Parsons,an English man teaching business English in Leipzig.He once rented a theatre and got students,including Mrs Ullmann,to act out Monty Python skits,which they did wiLh enthusiasm.The trouble,he says,is that whereas the English wait deadpan for the penny to drop,Germans invariably explain their punchline.At a deeper level,the problem has nothing to do with jokes.What is missing is the series of irony,overstatement and understatement in workaday conversations.Immigrants in Germany share soul-crushing stories of atlempting a non-literal turn of phrase,to evoke a hoffified expression in their Gennan friends and a detailed explanaiion of the literal meaning,followed by a retreat into awkward politeness.Irony is not on the curriculum in Mrs Ullmann's classes.Instead she focuses mostly on the bas-ics of humorous spontaneiLy and surprise.Demand is strong,she says.It is a typical German answer to a shortcoming:work harder at it.

James Parsons seems to believe that Germans____

Text 4 Eva Ullmann took her master's degree in 2002 0n the part that humour has to play in psychotherapy,and became hooked on the subject.In 2005 she founded the German Insiitute for Humour in Leipzig.It is dedicated to"the combination of seriousness and humour".She offers lectures,seminars and personal coaching to managers,from small firms tO such corporate giants as Deutsche Bank and Telekom.Her latest project is to help train medical studenis and doctors.There is nothing peculiarly German about humour training.It was John Morreall,an American,who showed that humour is a market segment in the ever-expanding American genre of self-help.In the past two decades,humour has gone global.An Intemational Humour Congress was held in Amsterdam in 2000.And yet Cermans know that the rest of the world considers them to be at a particular disadvantage.The issue is not comedy.of which Germany has plenty.The late Vicco von Biilow,alias Loriot,delighied the elite wiLh his mockery of German senousness and stiffness.Rhenish,Swabian and other regional flavours thrive-Gerhard Polt,a bad-tempered Bavarian,now 72,is a Shakespeare among Lhem.There is lowbrow talent ioo,including OLto Waalkes,a Frisian buffoon.Most of this,however,is as foreigners always suspected:more embanassing Lhan funny.Germans can often be observed laughing,loudly.And they try hard."They cannot produce good humour,but they can consume it,"says James Parsons,an English man teaching business English in Leipzig.He once rented a theatre and got students,including Mrs Ullmann,to act out Monty Python skits,which they did wiLh enthusiasm.The trouble,he says,is that whereas the English wait deadpan for the penny to drop,Germans invariably explain their punchline.At a deeper level,the problem has nothing to do with jokes.What is missing is the series of irony,overstatement and understatement in workaday conversations.Immigrants in Germany share soul-crushing stories of atlempting a non-literal turn of phrase,to evoke a hoffified expression in their Gennan friends and a detailed explanaiion of the literal meaning,followed by a retreat into awkward politeness.Irony is not on the curriculum in Mrs Ullmann's classes.Instead she focuses mostly on the bas-ics of humorous spontaneiLy and surprise.Demand is strong,she says.It is a typical German answer to a shortcoming:work harder at it.According to the last paragraph,Germans seem to believe that_____

Text 3 Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain,rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary,the backlash had begun.Boris Johnson,the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan,spluttered in advance,then branded the decision"shortsighted".NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Catwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending ninways at one of those airports.Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy rire.To make mat-ters worse,he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel,Heathrow and Gatwick are both full,or close to it,and want to expand.But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market.Some 37%of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights.Nearly a third of its customers are on business.By contrast,only 13%of Gatwick's cusiomers are business travellers.Most are going on holiday.Just 7%transfer there-a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2,which opened in June,is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks lo entice rich passengers.At CaLwick,recenL improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers:a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families,while an area in ihe southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers,with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop.The airports'managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop,and its place in the broader economy.Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airporls are,and will remain,vital.Without further expansion,boosters argue,fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen.If the capaciiy plight persists,domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or canceUed.European airports will pick up those passengers inslead."That's our CDP leaking out,"says Jon Proudlove,Lhe general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.Not surpnsingly,Calwick takes a different view.Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive.poinls out Sir Roy McNulty,chairman of the Gatwick group.People are travelling in different ways,with more"self-connecting"to keep costs down.AIthough connections with emerging markets are important.Europe and North America will remain Bricain's largesl trading partners,he argues.London will be a deslinalion in its own right.

Heathrow and Gatwick are different in terms of_____

Text 4 Eva Ullmann took her master's degree in 2002 0n the part that humour has to play in psychotherapy,and became hooked on the subject.In 2005 she founded the German Insiitute for Humour in Leipzig.It is dedicated to"the combination of seriousness and humour".She offers lectures,seminars and personal coaching to managers,from small firms to such corporate giants as Deutsche Bank and Telekom.Her latest project is to help train medical studenis and doctors.There is nothing peculiarly German about humour training.It was John Morreall,an American,who showed that humour is a market segment in the ever-expanding American genre of self-help.In the past two decades,humour has gone global.An Intemational Humour Congress was held in Amsterdam in 2000.And yet Cermans know that the rest of the world considers them to be at a particular disadvantage.The issue is not comedy.of which Germany has plenty.The late Vicco von Biilow,alias Loriot,delighied the elite wiLh his mockery of German senousness and stiffness.Rhenish,Swabian and other regional flavours thrive-Gerhard Polt,a bad-tempered Bavarian,now 72,is a Shakespeare among Lhem.There is lowbrow talent ioo,including OLto Waalkes,a Frisian buffoon.Most of this,however,is as foreigners always suspected:more embanassing Lhan funny.Germans can often be observed laughing,loudly.And they try hard."They cannot produce good humour,but they can consume it,"says James Parsons,an English man teaching business English in Leipzig.He once rented a theatre and got students,including Mrs Ullmann,to act out Monty Python skits,which they did wiLh enthusiasm.The trouble,he says,is that whereas the English wait deadpan for the penny to drop,Germans invariably explain their punchline.At a deeper level,the problem has nothing to do with jokes.What is missing is the series of irony,overstatement and understatement in workaday conversations.Immigrants in Germany share soul-crushing stories of atlempting a non-literal turn of phrase,to evoke a hoffified expression in their Gennan friends and a detailed explanaiion of the literal meaning,followed by a retreat into awkward politeness.Irony is not on the curriculum in Mrs Ullmann's classes.Instead she focuses mostly on the bas-ics of humorous spontaneiLy and surprise.Demand is strong,she says.It is a typical German answer to a shortcoming:work harder at it.

lt can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Cermans are considered______

Text 4 Eva Ullmann took her master's degree in 2002 0n the part that humour has to play in psychotherapy,and became hooked on the subject.In 2005 she founded the German Insiitute for Humour in Leipzig.It is dedicated to"the combination of seriousness and humour".She offers lectures,seminars and personal coaching to managers,from small firms tO such corporate giants as Deutsche Bank and Telekom.Her latest project is to help train medical studenis and doctors.There is nothing peculiarly German about humour training.It was John Morreall,an American,who showed that humour is a market segment in the ever-expanding American genre of self-help.In the past two decades,humour has gone global.An Intemational Humour Congress was held in Amsterdam in 2000.And yet Cermans know that the rest of the world considers them to be at a particular disadvantage.The issue is not comedy.of which Germany has plenty.The late Vicco von Biilow,alias Loriot,delighied the elite wiLh his mockery of German senousness and stiffness.Rhenish,Swabian and other regional flavours thrive-Gerhard Polt,a bad-tempered Bavarian,now 72,is a Shakespeare among Lhem.There is lowbrow talent ioo,including OLto Waalkes,a Frisian buffoon.Most of this,however,is as foreigners always suspected:more embanassing Lhan funny.Germans can often be observed laughing,loudly.And they try hard."They cannot produce good humour,but they can consume it,"says James Parsons,an English man teaching business English in Leipzig.He once rented a theatre and got students,including Mrs Ullmann,to act out Monty Python skits,which they did wiLh enthusiasm.The trouble,he says,is that whereas the English wait deadpan for the penny to drop,Germans invariably explain their punchline.At a deeper level,the problem has nothing to do with jokes.What is missing is the series of irony,overstatement and understatement in workaday conversations.Immigrants in Germany share soul-crushing stories of atlempting a non-literal turn of phrase,to evoke a hoffified expression in their Gennan friends and a detailed explanaiion of the literal meaning,followed by a retreat into awkward politeness.Irony is not on the curriculum in Mrs Ullmann's classes.Instead she focuses mostly on the bas-ics of humorous spontaneiLy and surprise.Demand is strong,she says.It is a typical German answer to a shortcoming:work harder at it.German comedy is mentioned to show that Germans_____

Text 3 Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain,rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary,the backlash had begun.Boris Johnson,the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan,spluttered in advance,then branded the decision"shortsighted".NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Catwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending ninways at one of those airports.Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy rire.To make mat-ters worse,he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel,Heathrow and Gatwick are both full,or close to it,and want to expand.But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market.Some 37%of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights.Nearly a third of its customers are on business.By contrast,only 13%of Gatwick's cusiomers are business travellers.Most are going on holiday.Just 7%transfer there-a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2,which opened in June,is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks lo entice rich passengers.At CaLwick,recenL improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers:a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families,while an area in ihe southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers,with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop.The airports'managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop,and its place in the broader economy.Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airporls are,and will remain,vital.Without further expansion,boosters argue,fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen.If the capaciiy plight persists,domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or canceUed.European airports will pick up those passengers inslead."That's our CDP leaking out,"says Jon Proudlove,Lhe general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.Not surpnsingly,Calwick takes a different view.Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive.poinls out Sir Roy McNulty,chairman of the Gatwick group.People are travelling in different ways,with more"self-connecting"to keep costs down.AIthough connections with emerging markets are important.Europe and North America will remain Bricain's largesl trading partners,he argues.London will be a deslinalion in its own right.

In regard of the future of the airport,Roy McNulty seems to reel____

Text 3 Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain,rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary,the backlash had begun.Boris Johnson,the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan,spluttered in advance,then branded the decision"shortsighted".NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Catwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending ninways at one of those airports.Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy rire.To make mat-ters worse,he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel,Heathrow and Gatwick are both full,or close to it,and want to expand.But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market.Some 37%of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights.Nearly a third of its customers are on business.By contrast,only 13%of Gatwick's cusiomers are business travellers.Most are going on holiday.Just 7%transfer there-a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2,which opened in June,is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks lo entice rich passengers.At CaLwick,recenL improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers:a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families,while an area in ihe southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers,with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop.The airports'managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop,and its place in the broader economy.Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airporls are,and will remain,vital.Without further expansion,boosters argue,fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen.If the capaciiy plight persists,domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or canceUed.European airports will pick up those passengers inslead."That's our CDP leaking out,"says Jon Proudlove,Lhe general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.Not surpnsingly,Calwick takes a different view.Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive.poinls out Sir Roy McNulty,chairman of the Gatwick group.People are travelling in different ways,with more"self-connecting"to keep costs down.AIthough connections with emerging markets are important.Europe and North America will remain Bricain's largesl trading partners,he argues.London will be a deslinalion in its own right.

Howard Davies's plan to expand the airport has______

Text 2 Economic refugees have traditionally lined up to get into America.lAtely,they have been lining up to leave.In the past few months,half a dozen biggish comparues have announced plans to merge with foreign partners and in the process move their corporate homes abroad.The motive is simple:corporate taxes are lower in Ireland,Britain and,for that matter,almost everywhere else than they are in America.In Washington,D.C.,policymakers have reacted wiLh indignation.Jack Lew,the treasury secretary,has quesLioned che companies'patriotism and called on Congress to outlaw such transactions.His fellow Democrats are eager to oblige,and some Republicans are willing to listen.The proposals are misguided.Tightening the rules on corporate"inversions",as these moves are called,does nothing to deal with the reason why so many firms want to leave:America has the rich world's most dysfunctional corporate-tax system.It needs fundamental reform,not new complications.America's corporate tax has two horrible flaws.The first is the tax rate,which at 35%is the lughest among the 34 mostly rich-country members of the OECD.Yet it raises less revenue than the OECD average ihanks to countless loopholes and tax breaks aimed at everything from machinery investment to NASCAR race tracks.Last year these breaks cost$150 billion in forgone revenue,more than half of what America collected in total corporate taxes.The second flaw is that America levies lax on a company's income no matter where in the world it is eamed.In contrast,every other large rich country taxes only income eamed within its borders.Here,too,America's system is absurdly ineffective at collecting money.Firms do not have to pay tax on foreign profits until Lhey bring them back home.Not surprisingly,many do not:American multinationals have some$2 trillion sittiry;on their foreign units'balance-sheets,and growing.All this imposes big costs on the economy.The high rate discourages investment and loopholes distort it,because decisions are driven by tax considerations rather than a project's economic merits.The tax rate companies actually pay varies wildly,depending on cheir type of business and the creativity of their lawyers:some pay close to zero,others the fuU 35%.But as other countries chopped their rates and America's stayed the same,the incentive to flee grew.A possible solution is to lower the corporate rate,eliminate tax breaks and move America from a worldwide system to a territonal one.

Which of the following would be the best tide for the text?

Text 4 Eva Ullmann took her master's degree in 2002 0n the part that humour has to play in psychotherapy,and became hooked on the subject.In 2005 she founded the German Insiitute for Humour in Leipzig.It is dedicated to"the combination of seriousness and humour".She offers lectures,seminars and personal coaching to managers,from small firms tO such corporate giants as Deutsche Bank and Telekom.Her latest project is to help train medical studenis and doctors.There is nothing peculiarly German about humour training.It was John Morreall,an American,who showed that humour is a market segment in the ever-expanding American genre of self-help.In the past two decades,humour has gone global.An Intemational Humour Congress was held in Amsterdam in 2000.And yet Cermans know that the rest of the world considers them to be at a particular disadvantage.The issue is not comedy.of which Germany has plenty.The late Vicco von Biilow,alias Loriot,delighied the elite wiLh his mockery of German senousness and stiffness.Rhenish,Swabian and other regional flavours thrive-Gerhard Polt,a bad-tempered Bavarian,now 72,is a Shakespeare among Lhem.There is lowbrow talent ioo,including OLto Waalkes,a Frisian buffoon.Most of this,however,is as foreigners always suspected:more embanassing Lhan funny.Germans can often be observed laughing,loudly.And they try hard."They cannot produce good humour,but they can consume it,"says James Parsons,an English man teaching business English in Leipzig.He once rented a theatre and got students,including Mrs Ullmann,to act out Monty Python skits,which they did wiLh enthusiasm.The trouble,he says,is that whereas the English wait deadpan for the penny to drop,Germans invariably explain their punchline.At a deeper level,the problem has nothing to do with jokes.What is missing is the series of irony,overstatement and understatement in workaday conversations.Immigrants in Germany share soul-crushing stories of atlempting a non-literal turn of phrase,to evoke a hoffified expression in their Gennan friends and a detailed explanaiion of the literal meaning,followed by a retreat into awkward politeness.Irony is not on the curriculum in Mrs Ullmann's classes.Instead she focuses mostly on the bas-ics of humorous spontaneiLy and surprise.Demand is strong,she says.It is a typical German answer to a shortcoming:work harder at it.

Which or the following is true about Eva Ullmann?

Shortly after The Economist went to press,about 25,000 people were expected to tum up at the London An Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well ihey mighl be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while slringing up a set of lights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the cap-ital.Roughly 90 will iake place worldwide.The success of larger events such as Fneze,which star ted in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Artl4,which started last year,specialises in less weU-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Sahuan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall gromth of the modem-art market.Four-rifths of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much of it is locked up in museums-demand for recent works js rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I sttuled 23 years ago I had not a single non-Westem foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy art differenLly.They often spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suiLable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Briions seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to evenLs and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties thaL spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bernard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him of his father,a chemist,who was eclipsed by a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevel-opment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise of the fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an inlernational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond Lhe city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the size of his store."It's a little like fishing,"he explains."You move to where the pike is."

Will Ramsay recalls that

Shortly after The Economist went to press,about 25,000 people were expected to tum up at the London An Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well ihey mighl be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while slringing up a set of lights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the cap-ital.Roughly 90 will iake place worldwide.The success of larger events such as Fneze,which star ted in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Artl4,which started last year,specialises in less weU-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Sahuan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall gromth of the modem-art market.Four-rifths of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much of it is locked up in museums-demand for recent works js rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I sttuled 23 years ago I had not a single non-Westem foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy art differenLly.They often spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suiLable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Briions seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to evenLs and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties thaL spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bernard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him of his father,a chemist,who was eclipsed by a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevel-opment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise of the fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an inlernational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond Lhe city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the size of his store."It's a little like fishing,"he explains."You move to where the pike is."

Kenny Schachter says that

Shortly after The Economist went to press,about 25,000 people were expected to tum up at the London An Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well ihey mighl be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while slringing up a set of lights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the cap-ital.Roughly 90 will iake place worldwide.The success of larger events such as Fneze,which star ted in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Artl4,which started last year,specialises in less weU-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Sahuan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall gromth of the modem-art market.Four-rifths of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much of it is locked up in museums-demand for recent works js rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I sttuled 23 years ago I had not a single non-Westem foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy art differenLly.They often spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suiLable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Briions seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to evenLs and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties thaL spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bernard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him of his father,a chemist,who was eclipsed by a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevel-opment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise of the fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an inlernational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond Lhe city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the size of his store."It's a little like fishing,"he explains."You move to where the pike is."

Alan Cristea argues that

Shortly after The Economist went to press,about 25,000 people were expected to tum up at the London An Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well ihey mighl be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while slringing up a set of lights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the cap-ital.Roughly 90 will iake place worldwide.The success of larger events such as Fneze,which star ted in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Artl4,which started last year,specialises in less weU-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Sahuan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall gromth of the modem-art market.Four-rifths of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much of it is locked up in museums-demand for recent works js rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I sttuled 23 years ago I had not a single non-Westem foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy art differenLly.They often spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suiLable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Briions seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to evenLs and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties thaL spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bernard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him of his father,a chemist,who was eclipsed by a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevel-opment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise of the fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an inlernational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond Lhe city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the size of his store."It's a little like fishing,"he explains."You move to where the pike is."

Bernard Jacobson feels that

Shortly after The Economist wnt to press,about 25,000 people were expected to tum up at the London An Fair.Your correspondent visited just before,as 128 white booths were being filled with modern paintings and sculptures.Dealers clutched mobile phones to their ears or gathered in small groups.They seemed nervous-as well ihey mighl be."I can eam a year's living in one fair,"said one harried dealer while slringing up a set of lights.Before 1999 London had just one regular contemporary art fair,remembers Will Ramsay,boss of the expanding Affordable Art Fair.This year around 20 will be held in Britain,mostly in the cap-ital.Roughly 90 will iake place worldwide.The success of larger events such as Fneze,which star ted in London,has stimulated the growth of smaller fairs specialising in craft work,ceramics and other things.Artl4,which started last year,specialises in less weU-known intemational galleries,showing art from Sub-Sahuan Africa,South Korea and Hong Kong.One explanation for the boom is the overall gromth of the modem-art market.Four-rifths of all art sold at auction worldwide last year was from the 20th or 21st century,according to Artprice,a database.In November an auction in New York of modern and contemporary art made$691m,easily breaking the previous record.As older art becomes harder to buy-much of it is locked up in museums-demand for recent works js rising.London's art market in particular has been boosted by an influx of rich immigrants from Russia,China and the Middle East."When I sttuled 23 years ago I had not a single non-Westem foreign buyer,"says Kenny Schachter,an art dealer."It's a different world now."And London's new rich buy art differenLly.They often spend little time in the capital and do not know it well.Traipsing around individual galleries is inconvenient,particularly as galleries have moved out of central London.The mall-like set-up of a fair is much more suiLable.Commercial galleries used to rely on regular visits from rich Briions seeking to fumish their stately homes.Many were family friends.The new art buyers have no such loyalty.People now visit galleries mainly to go to evenLs and to be seen,says Alan Cristea,a gallery owner on Cork street in Mayfair.Fairs,and the parties thaL spring up around them,are much better places to be spotted.Some galleries are feeling squeezed.Bernard Jacobson runs a gallery opposite Mr Cristea.The changing art market reminds him of his father,a chemist,who was eclipsed by a pharmaceutical chain,in the 1960s.Seven galleries in Cork Street relocated this month to make way for a redevel-opment;five more may follow later this year.Yet the rise of the fairs means galleries no longer require prime real estate,thinks Sarah Monk of the London Art Fair.With an inlernational clientele,many can work online or from home.Although some art fairs still require their exhibitors to have a gallery space,increasingly these are small places outside central London or beyond Lhe city altogether.One gallery owner says few rich customers ever visit his shop in south London.He makes all his contacts at the booths he sets up at fairs,which might be twice the size of his store."It's a little like fishing,"he explains."You move to where the pike is."

Bernard Jacobson feels that