2021银行综合押题密卷3

某家庭2000年总收入为10万元人民币，2012年时，该家庭的总收入增加至38万元人民币，根据恩格尔定律，与2000年相比，2012年该家庭用于食品的支出在家庭总收入中的比重（　　）。

边际报酬递减规律指以下哪一种现象?（　　）

在LM曲线的凯恩斯区域，（　　）。

政府支出增加时，可能会使私人支出减少，这一效应称为（　　）。

甲、乙两人现有的效用水平分别为10和20，资源的再配置使得两人的效用发生了变化，属于帕累托改进的一种变动是（　　）。

在偿还赊销款项时货币执行的职能是（　　）。

下列各项中，既包含在M0中，又包含在M1中的是（　　）。

当流通领域中存在两种本位币流通时，容易出现“格雷欣法则”现象，这种现象是指（　　）。

债券是流通的有价证券，其票面信息中通常不包含（　　）。

下列不属于衍生工具的是（　　）。

下列期货产品中，不属于金融期货的是（　　）。

在日常生活中，居民获得住房贷款属于（　　）。

下列经济行为中属于间接融资的是（　　）。

下列属于短期资金市场的是（　　）。

隔日交割，即在成交后的第一个营业日内进行交割的是（　　）。

下列经济事项中，不属于国际货币基金组织会员国国际储备构成内容的是（　　）。

假设市场是强型有效的，那么以下哪种说法是正确的？（　　）

主动性在商业银行而不在中央银行的一般性货币政策工具是（　　）。

按规定，我国商业银行附属资本最高不得超过（　　）的100%。

R公司为增值税一般纳税人，增值税率为17%，消费税率为10%。2017年1月1日，委托加工一批实际成本为50000元的原材料，收回后将用于继续加工应税消费品。现收回该批材料，并支出加工费2000元，增值税340元，消费税8000元。假定不考虑其他因素，收回该批入账价值为（　　）元。

在下列沟通形态中，组织成员满足感最高的沟通形态是（　　）。

下列属于道家思想的是（　　）。

下列名画按创作时间排序正确的是（　　）。

①王希孟——《千里江山图》

②黄公望——《富春山居图》

③顾恺之——《洛神赋图》

④阎立本——《步辇图》

中国的文字发展历史源远流长，下列关于字体描述，说法错误的是（　　）。

下列诗句描述的节日与其他三项不同的是（　　）。

2018年3月11日，十三届全国人大一次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》。关于本次《宪法修正案》下列说法错误的是（　　）

中国人民银行在（　　）领导下依法独立执行货币政策，履行职责，开展业务。

某商业银行违反审慎经营规则，造成资本和资产状况恶化，严重危及稳健运行，损害存款人和其他客户合法权益。对此，银行业监督管理机构对该银行依法可采取的措施是（　　）。

下列不属于银行认可的个人汽车贷款担保措施的是（　　）。

C语言程序是由（　　）构成的。

在PowerPoint 2003中，要将D盘上的“时间都去哪了.MP3”文件插入到当前幻灯片中，所选择的命令项是（　　）。

下列操作中，不能完全清除文件型计算机病毒的是（　　）。

判断一个计算机程序是否为病毒的最主要依据就是看它是否具有（　　）。

2月9日，国家主席习近平在北京以视频方式主持中国-中东欧国家领导人峰会，并发表题为（　　）的主旨讲话。

国家主席习近平6日致电（　　），向非洲国家和人民表示热烈祝贺，习近平祝愿非洲国家和人民在联合自强、发展进步的道路上不断取得更大成就。

国务院办公厅日前印发（　　）。进一步落实全国中医药大会部署，遵循中医药发展规律，认真总结中医药防治新冠肺炎经验做法，破解存在的问题，更好发挥中医药特色和比较优势，推动中医药和西医药相互补充、协调发展。

2月6日，我国自主研发建造的全球首座十万吨级深水半潜式生产储油平台（　　）能源站，抵达海南陵水海域。

2月7日，国务院反垄断委员会制定发布平台经济领域反垄断指南，强调（　　）及配套法规规章适用于所有行业。

在1月18日凌晨结束的2021斯诺克大师赛决赛中，20岁的中国球员（　　）战胜英国名将约翰·希金斯夺冠，成为历史首位“00后”大师赛冠军。

国办印发意见，要求2021年底前，各地相关政务服务便民热线归并统一为“（　　）政务服务便民热线”。

Passage 1

Economically speaking,are we better off than we were ten years ago Twenty years ago

In their thirst for evidence on this issue,commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau,which found that average household income rose by 5.2%in 2014.Unfortunately,that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful,but flawed and incomplete,statistic.Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:1）it excludes taxes,transfers,and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;and 2）it is based on surveys rather than data.Even if precisely measured,income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being,such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question,we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow,which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare.While by no means perfect,it is considerably more comprehensive than average income,taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,life expectancy,and inequality.Moreover,it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example.Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S.and France in 2005.

In 2005,as the authors observe:real consumption per person in France was only 60%as high as the U.S.,making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average.However,that comparison omits other relevant factors:leisure time,life expectancy,and economic inequality.The French take longer vacations and retire earlier,so typically work fewer hours;they enjoy a higher life expectancy,presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care,diet,lifestyle,and the like;and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S.Because of these differences,comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S.and other countries.For example,this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97%of U.S.levels,but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time.According to this measure,as of the early-to-mid-2000s,the U.S.had the highest economic welfare of any large country.Since 2007,economic welfare in the U.S.has continued to improve.However,the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically,the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional.Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated-for example,decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What does the author think of the 2014 report by the Census Bureau （　　）

Passage 1

Economically speaking,are we better off than we were ten years ago Twenty years ago

In their thirst for evidence on this issue,commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau,which found that average household income rose by 5.2%in 2014.Unfortunately,that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful,but flawed and incomplete,statistic.Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:1）it excludes taxes,transfers,and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;and 2）it is based on surveys rather than data.Even if precisely measured,income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being,such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question,we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow,which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare.While by no means perfect,it is considerably more comprehensive than average income,taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,life expectancy,and inequality.Moreover,it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example.Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S.and France in 2005.

In 2005,as the authors observe:real consumption per person in France was only 60%as high as the U.S.,making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average.However,that comparison omits other relevant factors:leisure time,life expectancy,and economic inequality.The French take longer vacations and retire earlier,so typically work fewer hours;they enjoy a higher life expectancy,presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care,diet,lifestyle,and the like;and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S.Because of these differences,comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S.and other countries.For example,this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97%of U.S.levels,but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time.According to this measure,as of the early-to-mid-2000s,the U.S.had the highest economic welfare of any large country.Since 2007,economic welfare in the U.S.has continued to improve.However,the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically,the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional.Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated-for example,decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method （　　）

Passage 1

Economically speaking,are we better off than we were ten years ago Twenty years ago

In their thirst for evidence on this issue,commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau,which found that average household income rose by 5.2%in 2014.Unfortunately,that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful,but flawed and incomplete,statistic.Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:1）it excludes taxes,transfers,and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;and 2）it is based on surveys rather than data.Even if precisely measured,income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being,such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question,we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow,which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare.While by no means perfect,it is considerably more comprehensive than average income,taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,life expectancy,and inequality.Moreover,it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example.Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S.and France in 2005.

In 2005,as the authors observe:real consumption per person in France was only 60%as high as the U.S.,making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average.However,that comparison omits other relevant factors:leisure time,life expectancy,and economic inequality.The French take longer vacations and retire earlier,so typically work fewer hours;they enjoy a higher life expectancy,presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care,diet,lifestyle,and the like;and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S.Because of these differences,comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S.and other countries.For example,this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97%of U.S.levels,but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time.According to this measure,as of the early-to-mid-2000s,the U.S.had the highest economic welfare of any large country.Since 2007,economic welfare in the U.S.has continued to improve.However,the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically,the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional.Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated-for example,decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S.in terms of real consumption per person （　　）

Passage 1

Economically speaking,are we better off than we were ten years ago Twenty years ago

In their thirst for evidence on this issue,commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau,which found that average household income rose by 5.2%in 2014.Unfortunately,that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful,but flawed and incomplete,statistic.Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:1）it excludes taxes,transfers,and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;and 2）it is based on surveys rather than data.Even if precisely measured,income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being,such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question,we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow,which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare.While by no means perfect,it is considerably more comprehensive than average income,taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,life expectancy,and inequality.Moreover,it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example.Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S.and France in 2005.

In 2005,as the authors observe:real consumption per person in France was only 60%as high as the U.S.,making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average.However,that comparison omits other relevant factors:leisure time,life expectancy,and economic inequality.The French take longer vacations and retire earlier,so typically work fewer hours;they enjoy a higher life expectancy,presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care,diet,lifestyle,and the like;and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S.Because of these differences,comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S.and other countries.For example,this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97%of U.S.levels,but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time.According to this measure,as of the early-to-mid-2000s,the U.S.had the highest economic welfare of any large country.Since 2007,economic welfare in the U.S.has continued to improve.However,the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically,the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional.Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated-for example,decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method （　　）

Passage 1

Economically speaking,are we better off than we were ten years ago Twenty years ago

In their thirst for evidence on this issue,commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau,which found that average household income rose by 5.2%in 2014.Unfortunately,that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful,but flawed and incomplete,statistic.Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:1）it excludes taxes,transfers,and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;and 2）it is based on surveys rather than data.Even if precisely measured,income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being,such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question,we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow,which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare.While by no means perfect,it is considerably more comprehensive than average income,taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,life expectancy,and inequality.Moreover,it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example.Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S.and France in 2005.

In 2005,as the authors observe:real consumption per person in France was only 60%as high as the U.S.,making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average.However,that comparison omits other relevant factors:leisure time,life expectancy,and economic inequality.The French take longer vacations and retire earlier,so typically work fewer hours;they enjoy a higher life expectancy,presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care,diet,lifestyle,and the like;and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S.Because of these differences,comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S.and other countries.For example,this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97%of U.S.levels,but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time.According to this measure,as of the early-to-mid-2000s,the U.S.had the highest economic welfare of any large country.Since 2007,economic welfare in the U.S.has continued to improve.However,the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically,the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional.Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated-for example,decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What can we infer from the passage about American people's economic well-being （　　）

Passage 2

The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults.Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors.In Europe,at least,that is all about to change with a new set of regulations,named PSD2.

The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties.Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat.However,opening up banks,and the data they store,is good for consumers and competition.New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services,such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan.

Nevertheless.some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate.In particular,it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties.But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attack（网络攻击）.And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising.Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections.

The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large.First,consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly,and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained.Second,regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules.Third,regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves.Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch.But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important,higher standards of oversight might be necessary

According to the first two paragraphs,what will banks in Europe be forced to do （　　）

Passage 2

The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults.Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors.In Europe,at least,that is all about to change with a new set of regulations,named PSD2.

The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties.Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat.However,opening up banks,and the data they store,is good for consumers and competition.New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services,such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan.

Nevertheless.some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate.In particular,it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties.But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attack（网络攻击）.And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising.Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections.

The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large.First,consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly,and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained.Second,regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules.Third,regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves.Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch.But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important,higher standards of oversight might be necessary

What can be inferred from passage on the effects of PSD2 in the second paragraph （　　）

Passage 2

The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults.Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors.In Europe,at least,that is all about to change with a new set of regulations,named PSD2.

The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties.Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat.However,opening up banks,and the data they store,is good for consumers and competition.New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services,such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan.

Nevertheless.some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate.In particular,it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties.But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attack（网络攻击）.And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising.Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections.

The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large.First,consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly,and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained.Second,regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules.Third,regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves.Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch.But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important,higher standards of oversight might be necessary

According to paragraph 3.what is the probable reason that privacy concerns about PSD2

are unnecessary （　　）.

Passage 2

The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults.Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors.In Europe,at least,that is all about to change with a new set of regulations,named PSD2.

The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties.Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat.However,opening up banks,and the data they store,is good for consumers and competition.New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services,such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan.

Nevertheless.some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate.In particular,it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties.But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attack（网络攻击）.And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising.Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections.

The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large.First,consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly,and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained.Second,regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules.Third,regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves.Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch.But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important,higher standards of oversight might be necessary

Which of the following is true in order to successfully implement PSD2 （　　）.

Passage 2

The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults.Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors.In Europe,at least,that is all about to change with a new set of regulations,named PSD2.

The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties.Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat.However,opening up banks,and the data they store,is good for consumers and competition.New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services,such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan.

Nevertheless.some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate.In particular,it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties.But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attack（网络攻击）.And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising.Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections.

The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large.First,consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly,and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained.Second,regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules.Third,regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves.Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch.But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important,higher standards of oversight might be necessary

What is the passage mainly about （　　）

Passage 3

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.No,you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.A coffee at Starbucks,just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States,runs about$8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation,for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S,as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S.than a weak dollar.Through April,the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.Should the trend continue,the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S.the way many Americans view Mexico―as a cheap place to vacation,shop and party,all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit.So do exports,which,thanks in part to the weak dollar,soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007.For first five months of 2007,the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations,you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.Last week Coca-Cola’s stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage（饮料）business.Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists,however,shouldn’t expect any relief soon.The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up-slowly,and then all at once.And currencies don’t turn on a dime.So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar,cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.There,the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

Why do Americans feel humiliated （　　）

Passage 3

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.No,you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.A coffee at Starbucks,just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States,runs about$8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation,for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S,as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S.than a weak dollar.Through April,the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.Should the trend continue,the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S.the way many Americans view Mexico―as a cheap place to vacation,shop and party,all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit.So do exports,which,thanks in part to the weak dollar,soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007.For first five months of 2007,the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations,you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.Last week Coca-Cola’s stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage（饮料）business.Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists,however,shouldn’t expect any relief soon.The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up-slowly,and then all at once.And currencies don’t turn on a dime.So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar,cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.There,the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

How does the weak dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans （　　）

Passage 3

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.No,you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.A coffee at Starbucks,just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States,runs about$8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation,for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S,as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S.than a weak dollar.Through April,the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.Should the trend continue,the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S.the way many Americans view Mexico―as a cheap place to vacation,shop and party,all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit.So do exports,which,thanks in part to the weak dollar,soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007.For first five months of 2007,the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations,you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.Last week Coca-Cola’s stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage（饮料）business.Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists,however,shouldn’t expect any relief soon.The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up-slowly,and then all at once.And currencies don’t turn on a dime.So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar,cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.There,the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

How do many Europeans now feel about the U.S.with the devalued dollar （　　）

Passage 3

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.No,you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.A coffee at Starbucks,just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States,runs about$8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation,for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S,as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S.than a weak dollar.Through April,the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.Should the trend continue,the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S.the way many Americans view Mexico―as a cheap place to vacation,shop and party,all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit.So do exports,which,thanks in part to the weak dollar,soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007.For first five months of 2007,the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations,you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.Last week Coca-Cola’s stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage（饮料）business.Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists,however,shouldn’t expect any relief soon.The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up-slowly,and then all at once.And currencies don’t turn on a dime.So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar,cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.There,the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

According to the last paragraph,what is the author’s advice to the Americans （　　）

Passage 3

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.No,you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.A coffee at Starbucks,just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States,runs about$8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation,for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S,as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S.than a weak dollar.Through April,the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.Should the trend continue,the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S.the way many Americans view Mexico―as a cheap place to vacation,shop and party,all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit.So do exports,which,thanks in part to the weak dollar,soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007.For first five months of 2007,the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations,you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.Last week Coca-Cola’s stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage（饮料）business.Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists,however,shouldn’t expect any relief soon.The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up-slowly,and then all at once.And currencies don’t turn on a dime.So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar,cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.There,the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

In the author’s opinion,the weak dollar leads to the following consequences EXCEPT that（　　）.

Passage 4

Insurance is the sharing of risks.Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.The house-owner,for example,knows that his property can be damaged by fire;the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea;the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer.On the other hand,not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea.If these persons each put a small sum into a pool,there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss.In other words,the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many.This is the basis of insurance.Those who pay the contribution are known as"insured"and those who administer the pool of contributions as"insurers".

Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance.Broadly speaking,the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.

The legal basis of all insurance is the"policy".This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality.It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money,called the"premium",which is usually paid every year,the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss,if the risk or event insured against actually happens.The wording of policies,particularly in marine insurance,often seems very old-fashioned,but there is a sound reason for this.Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies.The law courts,in their judgments,have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning,and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.

According to this passage,insurance is possible because（　　）.

Passage 4

Insurance is the sharing of risks.Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.The house-owner,for example,knows that his property can be damaged by fire;the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea;the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer.On the other hand,not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea.If these persons each put a small sum into a pool,there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss.In other words,the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many.This is the basis of insurance.Those who pay the contribution are known as"insured"and those who administer the pool of contributions as"insurers".

Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance.Broadly speaking,the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.

The legal basis of all insurance is the"policy".This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality.It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money,called the"premium",which is usually paid every year,the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss,if the risk or event insured against actually happens.The wording of policies,particularly in marine insurance,often seems very old-fashioned,but there is a sound reason for this.Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies.The law courts,in their judgments,have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning,and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.

The phrase"the pool of contributions"in the first paragraph means（　　）.

Passage 4

Insurance is the sharing of risks.Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.The house-owner,for example,knows that his property can be damaged by fire;the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea;the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer.On the other hand,not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea.If these persons each put a small sum into a pool,there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss.In other words,the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many.This is the basis of insurance.Those who pay the contribution are known as"insured"and those who administer the pool of contributions as"insurers".

Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance.Broadly speaking,the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.

The legal basis of all insurance is the"policy".This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality.It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money,called the"premium",which is usually paid every year,the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss,if the risk or event insured against actually happens.The wording of policies,particularly in marine insurance,often seems very old-fashioned,but there is a sound reason for this.Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies.The law courts,in their judgments,have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning,and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.

The insurance of business’ordinary risks is not possible because（　　）.

Passage 4

Insurance is the sharing of risks.Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.The house-owner,for example,knows that his property can be damaged by fire;the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea;the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer.On the other hand,not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea.If these persons each put a small sum into a pool,there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss.In other words,the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many.This is the basis of insurance.Those who pay the contribution are known as"insured"and those who administer the pool of contributions as"insurers".

Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance.Broadly speaking,the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.

The legal basis of all insurance is the"policy".This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality.It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money,called the"premium",which is usually paid every year,the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss,if the risk or event insured against actually happens.The wording of policies,particularly in marine insurance,often seems very old-fashioned,but there is a sound reason for this.Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies.The law courts,in their judgments,have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning,and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.

Old-fashioned wording is sometimes used in insurance policies because（　　）.

Passage 4

Insurance is the sharing of risks.Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.The house-owner,for example,knows that his property can be damaged by fire;the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea;the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer.On the other hand,not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea.If these persons each put a small sum into a pool,there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss.In other words,the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many.This is the basis of insurance.Those who pay the contribution are known as"insured"and those who administer the pool of contributions as"insurers".

Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance.Broadly speaking,the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.

The legal basis of all insurance is the"policy".This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality.It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money,called the"premium",which is usually paid every year,the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss,if the risk or event insured against actually happens.The wording of policies,particularly in marine insurance,often seems very old-fashioned,but there is a sound reason for this.Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies.The law courts,in their judgments,have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning,and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.

It seems that the author thinks the insurance is（　　）.

Passage 5

Desertification,drought,and despair-that is what global warming has in store for much of Africa.Or so we hear.

Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario,one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent.Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.If sustained,these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions,reclaiming them for farming communities.This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models,which predict are turn to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago.

The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel,a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles.

Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive re-greening throughout the Sahel,according to a new study in the journal Biogeo sciences.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan.The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture,which in turn creates more rain,said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,Germany.“The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force.”Claussen said.

While satellite images can’t distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains,ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted.In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan,new trees are flourishing,according to Stefan Kropelin,a climate scientist at the University of Cologne’s Africa Research Unit in Germany.

“Before,there was not a single scorpion,not a single blade of grass,”said Kropelin,who has studied the region for two decades.“Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years.You see birds,ostriches,coming back,even sorts of amphibians coming back,”he said.“The trend has continued for more than 20 years.It is indisputable.”

An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models.For instance,in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt,the Netherlands,forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel.The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day,by2080.

Satellite data shows“that indeed during the last decade,the Sahel is becoming greener,”Haarsma said.Even so,climate scientists do not agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel—some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall.“This issue is still rather uncertain,”Haarsma said.

Max Planck’s Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers.Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains,Claussen added.“Half the models follow a wetter trend,and half a drier trend.”

According to the first paragraph,global warming is supposed to have the following impacts on Africa EXCEPT（　　）.

Passage 5

Desertification,drought,and despair-that is what global warming has in store for much of Africa.Or so we hear.

Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario,one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent.Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.If sustained,these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions,reclaiming them for farming communities.This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models,which predict are turn to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago.

The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel,a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles.

Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive re-greening throughout the Sahel,according to a new study in the journal Biogeo sciences.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan.The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture,which in turn creates more rain,said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,Germany.“The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force.”Claussen said.

While satellite images can’t distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains,ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted.In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan,new trees are flourishing,according to Stefan Kropelin,a climate scientist at the University of Cologne’s Africa Research Unit in Germany.

“Before,there was not a single scorpion,not a single blade of grass,”said Kropelin,who has studied the region for two decades.“Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years.You see birds,ostriches,coming back,even sorts of amphibians coming back,”he said.“The trend has continued for more than 20 years.It is indisputable.”

An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models.For instance,in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt,the Netherlands,forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel.The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day,by2080.

Satellite data shows“that indeed during the last decade,the Sahel is becoming greener,”Haarsma said.Even so,climate scientists do not agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel—some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall.“This issue is still rather uncertain,”Haarsma said.

Max Planck’s Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers.Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains,Claussen added.“Half the models follow a wetter trend,and half a drier trend.”

According to Martin Claussen,what is the main cause of the increased vegetation in deserted areas （　　）

Passage 5

Desertification,drought,and despair-that is what global warming has in store for much of Africa.Or so we hear.

Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario,one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent.Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.If sustained,these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions,reclaiming them for farming communities.This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models,which predict are turn to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago.

The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel,a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles.

Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive re-greening throughout the Sahel,according to a new study in the journal Biogeo sciences.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan.The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture,which in turn creates more rain,said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,Germany.“The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force.”Claussen said.

While satellite images can’t distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains,ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted.In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan,new trees are flourishing,according to Stefan Kropelin,a climate scientist at the University of Cologne’s Africa Research Unit in Germany.

“Before,there was not a single scorpion,not a single blade of grass,”said Kropelin,who has studied the region for two decades.“Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years.You see birds,ostriches,coming back,even sorts of amphibians coming back,”he said.“The trend has continued for more than 20 years.It is indisputable.”

An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models.For instance,in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt,the Netherlands,forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel.The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day,by2080.

Satellite data shows“that indeed during the last decade,the Sahel is becoming greener,”Haarsma said.Even so,climate scientists do not agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel—some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall.“This issue is still rather uncertain,”Haarsma said.

Max Planck’s Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers.Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains,Claussen added.“Half the models follow a wetter trend,and half a drier trend.”

What is the role of the sixth paragraph in the development of the topic （　　）

Passage 5

Desertification,drought,and despair-that is what global warming has in store for much of Africa.Or so we hear.

Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario,one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent.Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.If sustained,these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions,reclaiming them for farming communities.This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models,which predict are turn to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago.

The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel,a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles.

Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive re-greening throughout the Sahel,according to a new study in the journal Biogeo sciences.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan.The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture,which in turn creates more rain,said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,Germany.“The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force.”Claussen said.

While satellite images can’t distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains,ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted.In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan,new trees are flourishing,according to Stefan Kropelin,a climate scientist at the University of Cologne’s Africa Research Unit in Germany.

“Before,there was not a single scorpion,not a single blade of grass,”said Kropelin,who has studied the region for two decades.“Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years.You see birds,ostriches,coming back,even sorts of amphibians coming back,”he said.“The trend has continued for more than 20 years.It is indisputable.”

An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models.For instance,in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt,the Netherlands,forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel.The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day,by2080.

Satellite data shows“that indeed during the last decade,the Sahel is becoming greener,”Haarsma said.Even so,climate scientists do not agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel—some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall.“This issue is still rather uncertain,”Haarsma said.

Max Planck’s Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers.Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains,Claussen added.“Half the models follow a wetter trend,and half a drier trend.”

The underlined sentence“…North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers”in the last paragraph suggests that（　　）.

Passage 5

Desertification,drought,and despair-that is what global warming has in store for much of Africa.Or so we hear.

Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario,one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent.Scientists are now seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.If sustained,these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions,reclaiming them for farming communities.This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models,which predict are turn to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush plain some 12,000 years ago.

The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel,a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles.

Images taken between 1982 and 2002 revealed extensive re-greening throughout the Sahel,according to a new study in the journal Biogeo sciences.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan.The transition may be occurring because hotter air has more capacity to hold moisture,which in turn creates more rain,said Martin Claussen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,Germany.“The water-holding capacity of the air is the main driving force.”Claussen said.

While satellite images can’t distinguish temporary plants like grasses that come and go with the rains,ground surveys suggest recent vegetation change is firmly rooted.In the eastern Sahara area of southwestern Egypt and northern Sudan,new trees are flourishing,according to Stefan Kropelin,a climate scientist at the University of Cologne’s Africa Research Unit in Germany.

“Before,there was not a single scorpion,not a single blade of grass,”said Kropelin,who has studied the region for two decades.“Now you have people grazing their camels in areas which may not have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years.You see birds,ostriches,coming back,even sorts of amphibians coming back,”he said.“The trend has continued for more than 20 years.It is indisputable.”

An explosion in plant growth has been predicted by some climate models.For instance,in 2005 a team led by Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt,the Netherlands,forecast significantly more future rainfall in the Sahel.The study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that rainfall in the July to September wet season would rise by up to two millimeters a day,by2080.

Satellite data shows“that indeed during the last decade,the Sahel is becoming greener,”Haarsma said.Even so,climate scientists do not agree on how future climate change will affect the Sahel—some studies simulate a decrease in rainfall.“This issue is still rather uncertain,”Haarsma said.

Max Planck’s Claussen said North Africa is the area of greatest disagreement among climate change modelers.Forecasting how global warming will affect the region is complicated by its vast size and the unpredictable influence of high-altitude winds that disperse monsoon rains,Claussen added.“Half the models follow a wetter trend,and half a drier trend.”

What?are?the?climate?scientists’attitudes?towards?the?influence?of?climate?change?on?the?deserted?areas?（　　）

Passage 6

Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend,had a burger,paid with a credit card,and left.The next time you go there,the waiter or waitress,armed with your profile data,greets you with,"Hey Joe,how are you?Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time.Would you like to join her for dinner again?"Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table.Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers.

Sound a little bizarre?To some,this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet.The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have.

Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a cookie"?Unfortunately,it's not the Mrs.Field’s recipe.A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge.During the entire period of time that you are at the site,the cookie is collecting information about yourself,including where you visit,how long you stay there,and how frequently you return to certain pages.

While this may sound scary enough,cookies aren’t even the latest in technology.A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria,Egypt—does even more.While cookies track what you are doing at one site,Alexa collects data on all your web activities,such as which site you visit next,how long you stay there,whether you click on advertisements,etc.All this information is available to marketers,who use it to market more effectively to you.Not only do you not get paid for providing the information,you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.

In?the?restaurant?story,the?author?may?most?probably?think?the?waiter?or?waitress?was（　　）.

Passage 6

Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend,had a burger,paid with a credit card,and left.The next time you go there,the waiter or waitress,armed with your profile data,greets you with,"Hey Joe,how are you Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time.Would you like to join her for dinner again "Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table.Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers.

Sound a little bizarre To some,this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet.The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have.

Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a cookie" Unfortunately,it's not the Mrs.Field’s recipe.A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge.During the entire period of time that you are at the site,the cookie is collecting information about yourself,including where you visit,how long you stay there,and how frequently you return to certain pages.

While this may sound scary enough,cookies aren’t even the latest in technology.A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria,Egypt—does even more.While cookies track what you are doing at one site,Alexa collects data on all your web activities,such as which site you visit next,how long you stay there,whether you click on advertisements,etc.All this information is available to marketers,who use it to market more effectively to you.Not only do you not get paid for providing the information,you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.

The author makes up the restaurant story in order to（　　）.

Passage 6

Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend,had a burger,paid with a credit card,and left.The next time you go there,the waiter or waitress,armed with your profile data,greets you with,"Hey Joe,how are you Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time.Would you like to join her for dinner again "Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table.Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers.

Sound a little bizarre To some,this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet.The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have.

Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a cookie" Unfortunately,it's not the Mrs.Field’s recipe.A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge.During the entire period of time that you are at the site,the cookie is collecting information about yourself,including where you visit,how long you stay there,and how frequently you return to certain pages.

While this may sound scary enough,cookies aren’t even the latest in technology.A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria,Egypt—does even more.While cookies track what you are doing at one site,Alexa collects data on all your web activities,such as which site you visit next,how long you stay there,whether you click on advertisements,etc.All this information is available to marketers,who use it to market more effectively to you.Not only do you not get paid for providing the information,you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.

What can be learned about“cookie” （　　）.

Passage 6

Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend,had a burger,paid with a credit card,and left.The next time you go there,the waiter or waitress,armed with your profile data,greets you with,"Hey Joe,how are you Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time.Would you like to join her for dinner again "Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table.Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers.

Sound a little bizarre To some,this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet.The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have.

Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a cookie" Unfortunately,it's not the Mrs.Field’s recipe.A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge.During the entire period of time that you are at the site,the cookie is collecting information about yourself,including where you visit,how long you stay there,and how frequently you return to certain pages.

While this may sound scary enough,cookies aren’t even the latest in technology.A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria,Egypt—does even more.While cookies track what you are doing at one site,Alexa collects data on all your web activities,such as which site you visit next,how long you stay there,whether you click on advertisements,etc.All this information is available to marketers,who use it to market more effectively to you.Not only do you not get paid for providing the information,you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.

What can be learned about"Alexa" （　　）.

Passage 6

Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend,had a burger,paid with a credit card,and left.The next time you go there,the waiter or waitress,armed with your profile data,greets you with,"Hey Joe,how are you?Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time.Would you like to join her for dinner again?"Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table.Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers.

Sound a little bizarre?To some,this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet.The Net’s ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have.

Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a cookie"?Unfortunately,it's not the Mrs.Field’s recipe.A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge.During the entire period of time that you are at the site,the cookie is collecting information about yourself,including where you visit,how long you stay there,and how frequently you return to certain pages.

While this may sound scary enough,cookies aren’t even the latest in technology.A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria,Egypt—does even more.While cookies track what you are doing at one site,Alexa collects data on all your web activities,such as which site you visit next,how long you stay there,whether you click on advertisements,etc.All this information is available to marketers,who use it to market more effectively to you.Not only do you not get paid for providing the information,you probably don’t even know that you are giving it.

Which?of?the?following?can?best?reflect?the?author’s?attitude?towards?cookies?and?Alexa？（　　）.

Passage 7

If you've ever started a sentence with,"If I were you...."or found yourself scratching your head at a colleague's agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there's a scientific reason behind it.Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices,but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn't suffer the same pitfalls.

The problem is"decision fatigue,"a psychological phenomenon that takes a toll on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,says Evan Polman,a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours,for example,are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it's unwise to do so."Presumably it's because it's simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,"Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else,they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices."By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker,one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,"he says."It's as if there's something fun and liberating about making someone else's choice."

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process;it often also includes riskier choices.While this sounds undesirable,it can be quite good,says Polman."When people experience decision fatigue-when they are tired of making choices-they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo（现状）,"he says."But the status quo can be problematic,since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome."

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward,some level of risk is almost always essential."People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,"he says,"That's not to say that risk is always good,but it is related to taking action9whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefera new course but is unfortunately hindered."

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn't mean you'll do the same for yourself,Polman cautions."Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,"he says,adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

What does the author say about people making decisions （　　）

Passage 7

If you've ever started a sentence with,"If I were you...."or found yourself scratching your head at a colleague's agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there's a scientific reason behind it.Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices,but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn't suffer the same pitfalls.

The problem is"decision fatigue,"a psychological phenomenon that takes a toll on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,says Evan Polman,a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours,for example,are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it's unwise to do so."Presumably it's because it's simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,"Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else,they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices."By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker,one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,"he says."It's as if there's something fun and liberating about making someone else's choice."

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process;it often also includes riskier choices.While this sounds undesirable,it can be quite good,says Polman."When people experience decision fatigue-when they are tired of making choices-they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo（现状）,"he says."But the status quo can be problematic,since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome."

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward,some level of risk is almost always essential."People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,"he says,"That's not to say that risk is always good,but it is related to taking action9whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefera new course but is unfortunately hindered."

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn't mean you'll do the same for yourself,Polman cautions."Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,"he says,adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

What does the example about the physicians illustrate （　　）

Passage 7

If you've ever started a sentence with,"If I were you...."or found yourself scratching your head at a colleague's agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there's a scientific reason behind it.Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices,but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn't suffer the same pitfalls.

The problem is"decision fatigue,"a psychological phenomenon that takes a toll on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,says Evan Polman,a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours,for example,are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it's unwise to do so."Presumably it's because it's simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,"Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else,they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices."By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker,one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,"he says."It's as if there's something fun and liberating about making someone else's choice."

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process;it often also includes riskier choices.While this sounds undesirable,it can be quite good,says Polman."When people experience decision fatigue-when they are tired of making choices-they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo（现状）,"he says."But the status quo can be problematic,since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome."

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward,some level of risk is almost always essential."People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,"he says,"That's not to say that risk is always good,but it is related to taking action9whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefera new course but is unfortunately hindered."

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn't mean you'll do the same for yourself,Polman cautions."Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,"he says,adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

When do people feel less decision fatigue （　　）

Passage 7

If you've ever started a sentence with,"If I were you...."or found yourself scratching your head at a colleague's agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there's a scientific reason behind it.Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices,but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn't suffer the same pitfalls.

The problem is"decision fatigue,"a psychological phenomenon that takes a toll on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,says Evan Polman,a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours,for example,are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it's unwise to do so."Presumably it's because it's simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,"Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else,they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices."By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker,one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,"he says."It's as if there's something fun and liberating about making someone else's choice."

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process;it often also includes riskier choices.While this sounds undesirable,it can be quite good,says Polman."When people experience decision fatigue-when they are tired of making choices-they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo（现状）,"he says."But the status quo can be problematic,since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome."

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward,some level of risk is almost always essential."People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,"he says,"That's not to say that risk is always good,but it is related to taking action9whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefera new course but is unfortunately hindered."

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn't mean you'll do the same for yourself,Polman cautions."Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,"he says,adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in （　　）

Passage 7

If you've ever started a sentence with,"If I were you...."or found yourself scratching your head at a colleague's agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there's a scientific reason behind it.Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices,but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn't suffer the same pitfalls.

The problem is"decision fatigue,"a psychological phenomenon that takes a toll on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,says Evan Polman,a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours,for example,are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it's unwise to do so."Presumably it's because it's simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,"Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else,they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices."By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker,one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,"he says."It's as if there's something fun and liberating about making someone else's choice."

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process;it often also includes riskier choices.While this sounds undesirable,it can be quite good,says Polman."When people experience decision fatigue-when they are tired of making choices-they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo（现状）,"he says."But the status quo can be problematic,since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome."

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward,some level of risk is almost always essential."People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,"he says,"That's not to say that risk is always good,but it is related to taking action9whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefera new course but is unfortunately hindered."

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn't mean you'll do the same for yourself,Polman cautions."Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,"he says,adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

What does the passage say about taking some risk in decision making （　　）

Passage 8

The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.Reverse mortgages,which allow homeowners 62 and older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die,have long been fraught with problems.But federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers,including former subprime lenders,flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record rates.

Some lenders are aggressively pitching loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them,not to mention the property taxes and maintenance.Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance long-coveted cruises,without clearly explaining the risks.Some widows are facing eviction after they say they were pressured to keep their name off the deed without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.

Now,as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings,the newly minted Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding,according to the federal government.

Concerns about the multibillion-dollar reverse mortgage market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford.“There are many of the same red flags,including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability,”said Lori Swanson,the Minnesota attorney general,who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market.

What can we learn about mortgage loans from the first paragraph

Passage 8

The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.Reverse mortgages,which allow homeowners 62 and older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die,have long been fraught with problems.But federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers,including former subprime lenders,flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record rates.

Some lenders are aggressively pitching loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them,not to mention the property taxes and maintenance.Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance long-coveted cruises,without clearly explaining the risks.Some widows are facing eviction after they say they were pressured to keep their name off the deed without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.

Now,as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings,the newly minted Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding,according to the federal government.

Concerns about the multibillion-dollar reverse mortgage market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford.“There are many of the same red flags,including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability,”said Lori Swanson,the Minnesota attorney general,who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market.

Which is true about the problem of reverse mortgage（　　）.

Passage 8

The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.Reverse mortgages,which allow homeowners 62 and older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die,have long been fraught with problems.But federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers,including former subprime lenders,flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record rates.

Some lenders are aggressively pitching loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them,not to mention the property taxes and maintenance.Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance long-coveted cruises,without clearly explaining the risks.Some widows are facing eviction after they say they were pressured to keep their name off the deed without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.

Now,as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings,the newly minted Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding,according to the federal government.

Concerns about the multibillion-dollar reverse mortgage market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford.“There are many of the same red flags,including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability,”said Lori Swanson,the Minnesota attorney general,who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market.

The phrase“facing foreclosure”most probably implies（　　）.

Passage 8

The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.Reverse mortgages,which allow homeowners 62 and older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die,have long been fraught with problems.But federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers,including former subprime lenders,flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record rates.

Some lenders are aggressively pitching loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them,not to mention the property taxes and maintenance.Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance long-coveted cruises,without clearly explaining the risks.Some widows are facing eviction after they say they were pressured to keep their name off the deed without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.

Now,as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings,the newly minted Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding,according to the federal government.

Concerns about the multibillion-dollar reverse mortgage market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford.“There are many of the same red flags,including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability,”said Lori Swanson,the Minnesota attorney general,who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market.

Which is true about the new rules from Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

Passage 8

The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.Reverse mortgages,which allow homeowners 62 and older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die,have long been fraught with problems.But federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers,including former subprime lenders,flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record rates.

Some lenders are aggressively pitching loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them,not to mention the property taxes and maintenance.Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance long-coveted cruises,without clearly explaining the risks.Some widows are facing eviction after they say they were pressured to keep their name off the deed without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.

Now,as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings,the newly minted Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding,according to the federal government.

Concerns about the multibillion-dollar reverse mortgage market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford.“There are many of the same red flags,including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability,”said Lori Swanson,the Minnesota attorney general,who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market.

The“red flags”of reverse mortgage don’t include______.