Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability， honesty and security of an entity on which we depend （ 本题）our welfare .In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things , ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations. A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions , hence , a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy .
A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold, meaning that when a trusted（ ）fails , then the sytems and applications that depend on it can（ ）be considered secure.An often cited articulation of this principle is:＂ a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy” ( which happens when the trust system fails ). The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider ( SP for short )that is , it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services .
A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on . This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many.
Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link , that is ,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of all the trusted components. We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better. This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is, fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model , stronger the security that can be achieved by it.The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management (denoted Idm hereafter ) is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment .Trust management becomes a component of （ ）whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication .
IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services.Establishing trust always has a cost, so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust. To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to “cut corners”regarding trust requirements ,which could lead to inadequate security . The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed .The establishment of initial（ ）usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner.
信任通常被解释为对我们所依赖的实体的可靠性、诚实和安全性的主观信仰（）我们的福利。在网络环境中，我们依赖的是广泛的事物，从计算机硬件、软件和数据到人和组织。安全解决方案总是根据特定的策假定某些实体的功能。信任恰恰是为了进行此类假设，因此，受信任实体与根据策假定其功能的实体相同。这样做的结果是，系统的信任组件必须正确工作，以保持该系统的安全性，这意味着当受信任的（）失败时，依赖它的系统和应用程序可以（）被视为安全的。此原则的一个经常被引用的表述是：“受信任的系统或组件是一个这会破坏您的安全策（信任系统失败时会发生这种情况）。这同样适用于受信任方，如服务提供商（简称SP），也就是说，为了确保预期的安全性和服务质量，它必须按照商定或假定的政策进行操作。从该分析中得出的一个矛盾结论是，当增加服务基础设施所依赖的受信任组件和参与方的数量时，安全保证可能会减少。这是因为由许多基础设施组成的基础设施的安全性。
一台主机的IP地址为202.123.25.36，掩码为255.255.254.0。如果该主机需要在该网络进行直接广播，那么它应该使用的目的地址为（ ）
在计算机系统的日常维护工作中，应当注意硬盘工作时不能__(2)__。另外，需要防范病毒，而__(3)__是不会被病毒感觉的。
有 4 个 IP 地址：201.117.15.254、201.117.17.01、201.117.24.5 和 201.117.29.3，如果子网掩码为 255.255.248.0，则这 4 个地址分别属于3个子网；其中属于同一个子网的是（）
在异步通信中，每个字符包含1位起始位、7位数据位、1位奇偶位和1位终止位，每秒钟传送200个字符，采用4相位调制，则码元速率为（）。
在 Windows 中，运行（ ）命令得到下图所示结果。以下关于该结果的叙述中，错误的是（ ）。
Pinging 59.74.111.8 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 59.74.111.8: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=60
Reply from 59.74.111.8: bytes=32 time=5ms TTL=60
Reply from 59.74.111.8: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=60
Reply from 59.74.111.8: bytes=32 time=5ms TTL=60
Ping statistics for 59.74.111.8:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 3ms, Maximum = 5ms, Average = 4ms
在ISO OSF/RM参考模型中，七层协议中的__(1)__利用通信子网提供的服务实现两个用户进程之间端到端的通信。在这个模型中，如果A用户需要通过网络向B用户传送数据，则首先将数据送入应用层，在该层给它附加控制信息后送入表示层；在表示层对数据进行必要的变换并加头标后送入会话层；在会话层加头标送入传输层；在传输层将数据分解为__(本题)__后送至网络层；在网络层将数据封装成__(3)__后送至数据链路层；在数据链路层将数据加上头标和尾标封装成__(4)__后发送到物理层；在物理层数据以__(5)__形式发送到物理线路。B用户所在的系统接收到数据后，层层剥去控制信息，把原数据传送给B用户。
在OSI/RM中，解释应用数据语义的协议层是（）。
在TCP/IP协议栈中，ARP协议的作用是（）,RARP协议的作用是（请作答此空）。
在地址 http://www.dailynews.com.cn/channel/welcome.htm 中，www.dailynews.com.cn 表示（ ），welcome.htm 表示（请作答此空）。
在电子表格软件Excel中，假设A1单元格的值为15，若在A2单元格输入“=AND(15＜A1，A1＜100)”，则A2单元格显示的值为 （）
