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发布时间： 2021-10-16 10:17
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Scientists havelong argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moraljudgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking,rule. The role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenmentnotion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out inpeople.
In a new study,psychologist David De Steno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and astranger of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then everyone was asked, howfairly did you act? Next they watched someone else make the assignments, andjudged that person′s ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 Out of 94people opted forth easy task and gave the next guy the difficult one.Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made theselfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly--on average,4.5 vs3.1--than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.
The gap suggests howhypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehaviors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because "we have this automatic, gut-level instinctto preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe we′re just not as sensitive toour own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral sinceit lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moralwithout having to pay the cost of actually being moral-such as assigningyourself the tough job."
To test the role ofcognition in hypocrisy, De Steno had volunteers again assign themselves an easytask and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of theiractions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brain′sthinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked:hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly asthey did others′, strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires
本题解析：
细节题。根据最后一段中的“…moral hypocrisy might not be as inevitableas if it were the child of emotions and instincts”可知，伪善并不像情感和直觉的产物那样不可避免，故A和C项说法错误。根据第一段中的“…Therole of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenment notionthat…”可知，D项错误。根据最后一段中的“Since it’sa cognitive process，we have volitional control over it”可知，伪善可以通过意志控制,故B项正确。
Scientists havelong argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moraljudgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking,rule. The role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenmentnotion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out inpeople.
In a new study,psychologist David De Steno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and astranger of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then everyone was asked, howfairly did you act? Next they watched someone else make the assignments, andjudged that person′s ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 Out of 94people opted forth easy task and gave the next guy the difficult one.Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made theselfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly--on average,4.5 vs3.1--than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.
The gap suggests howhypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehaviors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because "we have this automatic, gut-level instinctto preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe we′re just not as sensitive toour own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral sinceit lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moralwithout having to pay the cost of actually being moral-such as assigningyourself the tough job."
To test the role ofcognition in hypocrisy, De Steno had volunteers again assign themselves an easytask and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of theiractions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brain′sthinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked:hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly asthey did others′, strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires
本题解析：
推理题。文章第二段介绍了David De Steno做的实验：让实验对象给自己和陌生人分配任务，并为自己和别人分配任务的公平性打分。结果是无私的现象完全没有出现(Selflessness was a virtual no—show)，人们都为自己选了轻松的任务而把困难的任务留给了别人，但是伪善倒是显现了(showed up with bells on)，人们对自己的自私行为比对别人的自私行为更宽容(4．5 VS．3．1)。这说明人们一方面是自私的，要求实
际利益．另一方面给自己的公平性分数较高，要维护个人形象，故选C。
Scientists havelong argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moraljudgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking,rule. The role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenmentnotion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out inpeople.
In a new study,psychologist David De Steno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and astranger of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then everyone was asked, howfairly did you act? Next they watched someone else make the assignments, andjudged that person′s ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 Out of 94people opted forth easy task and gave the next guy the difficult one.Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made theselfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly--on average,4.5 vs3.1--than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.
The gap suggests howhypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehaviors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because "we have this automatic, gut-level instinctto preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe we′re just not as sensitive toour own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral sinceit lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moralwithout having to pay the cost of actually being moral-such as assigningyourself the tough job."
To test the role ofcognition in hypocrisy, De Steno had volunteers again assign themselves an easytask and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of theiractions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brain′sthinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked:hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly asthey did others′, strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires
本题解析：
细节题。定位至第三段，第三句“In our heart，maybe we’re just not as sensitive to our own immoral behaviors”指出．人们本能地维护个人形象．而内心对自己的不道德行为并不敏感。这里的“不敏感”只是针对“自己”的不道德行为，而不是针对“所有”的不道德行为，排除D项。根据最后两句“People have learned that it paysto seem moral since it lets you avoid criticism and guilt．But even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost ofactually being moral—such as assigning yourself the tough job．"可知。人们知道表现出道德感会给自己带来好处：被试者选择自己做更难的任务，是因为这样不用付出代价就可以表现出自己良好的道德感，故A项符合文意,C项与文意相反。整段并未提到自我为中心(self-centered)。故排除B项。
Scientists havelong argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moraljudgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking,rule. The role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenmentnotion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out inpeople.
In a new study,psychologist David De Steno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and astranger of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then everyone was asked, howfairly did you act? Next they watched someone else make the assignments, andjudged that person′s ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 Out of 94people opted forth easy task and gave the next guy the difficult one.Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made theselfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly--on average,4.5 vs3.1--than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.
The gap suggests howhypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehaviors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because "we have this automatic, gut-level instinctto preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe we′re just not as sensitive toour own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral sinceit lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moralwithout having to pay the cost of actually being moral-such as assigningyourself the tough job."
To test the role ofcognition in hypocrisy, De Steno had volunteers again assign themselves an easytask and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of theiractions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brain′sthinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked:hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly asthey did others′, strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires
本题解析：
细节题。定位至第一段，该段第一句提出了全文的话题：伪善的根源是情感还是理智?第二、三句紧接着论述在伪善以外的其他道德判断中，brain imaging显示是情感起作用。最后一句再次提出疑问：那么伪善这种极其常见的道德判断是否也是情感驱动呢?故选A。
Khalida′s fathersays she′s 9-or maybe 10. As much as Sayed Shah loves his 10 children, thefunctionally illiterate Afghan farmer can′t keep track of all their birthdates. Khalida huddles at his side, trying to hide beneath her chador andheadscarf. They both know the family can′t keep her much longer. Khalida′sfather has spent much of his life raising opium, as men like him have beendoing for decades in the stony hillsides of eastern Afghanistan and on thedusty southern plains. It′s the only reliable cash crop most of those farmersever had. Even so, Shah and his family barely got by: traffickers may prosper,but poor farmers like him only subsist. Now he′s losing far more than money."I never imagined I′d have to pay for growing opium by giving up mydaughter," says Shah. The family′ s heartbreak began when shah borrowed$2000 from a local trafficker, promising to repay the loan with 24 kilos ofopium at harvest time. Late last spring, just before harvest, a governmentcrop-eradication team appeared at the family′s little plot of land in Laghmanprovince and destroyed Shah′s entire two and a half acres of poppies. Unable tomeet his debt, Shah fled with his family to Jalalabad, the capital ofneighboring Nangarhar province. The trafficker found them anyway and demandedhis opium. So Shah took his case before a tribal council in Laghman and beggedfor leniency. Instead, the elders unanimously ruled that Shah would have toreimburse the trafficker by giving Khalida to him in marriage. Now the familycan only wait for the 45-year-olddrugrunner to come back for his prize. Khalidawanted to be a teacher someday, but that has become impossible. "It′s myfate," the child says.
Afhans disparaginglycall them "loan brides"--daughters given in marriage by fathers whohave no other way out of debt. The practice began with the dowry a bridegroom′sfamily traditionally pays to the bride′s father in tribal Pashtun society.These days the amount ranges from$3,000 or so in poorer places like L
本题解析：
主旨题。文章介绍了关于“loan marriage”的一个具体事例，并引出“loan marriage”无法遏制的原因及影响。全文围绕“loan marriage”展开叙述，故选C。
Khalida′s fathersays she′s 9-or maybe 10. As much as Sayed Shah loves his 10 children, thefunctionally illiterate Afghan farmer can′t keep track of all their birthdates. Khalida huddles at his side, trying to hide beneath her chador andheadscarf. They both know the family can′t keep her much longer. Khalida′sfather has spent much of his life raising opium, as men like him have beendoing for decades in the stony hillsides of eastern Afghanistan and on thedusty southern plains. It′s the only reliable cash crop most of those farmersever had. Even so, Shah and his family barely got by: traffickers may prosper,but poor farmers like him only subsist. Now he′s losing far more than money."I never imagined I′d have to pay for growing opium by giving up mydaughter," says Shah. The family′ s heartbreak began when shah borrowed$2000 from a local trafficker, promising to repay the loan with 24 kilos ofopium at harvest time. Late last spring, just before harvest, a governmentcrop-eradication team appeared at the family′s little plot of land in Laghmanprovince and destroyed Shah′s entire two and a half acres of poppies. Unable tomeet his debt, Shah fled with his family to Jalalabad, the capital ofneighboring Nangarhar province. The trafficker found them anyway and demandedhis opium. So Shah took his case before a tribal council in Laghman and beggedfor leniency. Instead, the elders unanimously ruled that Shah would have toreimburse the trafficker by giving Khalida to him in marriage. Now the familycan only wait for the 45-year-olddrugrunner to come back for his prize. Khalidawanted to be a teacher someday, but that has become impossible. "It′s myfate," the child says.
Afhans disparaginglycall them "loan brides"--daughters given in marriage by fathers whohave no other way out of debt. The practice began with the dowry a bridegroom′sfamily traditionally pays to the bride′s father in tribal Pashtun society.These days the amount ranges from$3,000 or so in poorer places like L
本题解析：
推断题。根据最后一段前三句可知，罂粟比其他作物挣钱，而且适合当地的土地和气候，故B项和D项说法正确。本段第四句“And in a country withpractically no government-funded credit for small farmers，opium growers call easily get advances on their crops．”表明C项说法正确。根据第一段中的“traffickersmay prosper，but poor farmers like him only subsist．”可知，A项不是农民们种罂粟的原因，故选A。
Khalida′s fathersays she′s 9-or maybe 10. As much as Sayed Shah loves his 10 children, thefunctionally illiterate Afghan farmer can′t keep track of all their birthdates. Khalida huddles at his side, trying to hide beneath her chador andheadscarf. They both know the family can′t keep her much longer. Khalida′sfather has spent much of his life raising opium, as men like him have beendoing for decades in the stony hillsides of eastern Afghanistan and on thedusty southern plains. It′s the only reliable cash crop most of those farmersever had. Even so, Shah and his family barely got by: traffickers may prosper,but poor farmers like him only subsist. Now he′s losing far more than money."I never imagined I′d have to pay for growing opium by giving up mydaughter," says Shah. The family′ s heartbreak began when shah borrowed$2000 from a local trafficker, promising to repay the loan with 24 kilos ofopium at harvest time. Late last spring, just before harvest, a governmentcrop-eradication team appeared at the family′s little plot of land in Laghmanprovince and destroyed Shah′s entire two and a half acres of poppies. Unable tomeet his debt, Shah fled with his family to Jalalabad, the capital ofneighboring Nangarhar province. The trafficker found them anyway and demandedhis opium. So Shah took his case before a tribal council in Laghman and beggedfor leniency. Instead, the elders unanimously ruled that Shah would have toreimburse the trafficker by giving Khalida to him in marriage. Now the familycan only wait for the 45-year-olddrugrunner to come back for his prize. Khalidawanted to be a teacher someday, but that has become impossible. "It′s myfate," the child says.
Afhans disparaginglycall them "loan brides"--daughters given in marriage by fathers whohave no other way out of debt. The practice began with the dowry a bridegroom′sfamily traditionally pays to the bride′s father in tribal Pashtun society.These days the amount ranges from$3,000 or so in poorer places like L
本题解析：
推断题。通读第一段和第二段可知，第一段描述了这个家庭将要牺牲女儿来还债，是结果；第二段则具体讲明了事情的来龙去脉，故选B。
Khalida′s fathersays she′s 9-or maybe 10. As much as Sayed Shah loves his 10 children, thefunctionally illiterate Afghan farmer can′t keep track of all their birthdates. Khalida huddles at his side, trying to hide beneath her chador andheadscarf. They both know the family can′t keep her much longer. Khalida′sfather has spent much of his life raising opium, as men like him have beendoing for decades in the stony hillsides of eastern Afghanistan and on thedusty southern plains. It′s the only reliable cash crop most of those farmersever had. Even so, Shah and his family barely got by: traffickers may prosper,but poor farmers like him only subsist. Now he′s losing far more than money."I never imagined I′d have to pay for growing opium by giving up mydaughter," says Shah. The family′ s heartbreak began when shah borrowed$2000 from a local trafficker, promising to repay the loan with 24 kilos ofopium at harvest time. Late last spring, just before harvest, a governmentcrop-eradication team appeared at the family′s little plot of land in Laghmanprovince and destroyed Shah′s entire two and a half acres of poppies. Unable tomeet his debt, Shah fled with his family to Jalalabad, the capital ofneighboring Nangarhar province. The trafficker found them anyway and demandedhis opium. So Shah took his case before a tribal council in Laghman and beggedfor leniency. Instead, the elders unanimously ruled that Shah would have toreimburse the trafficker by giving Khalida to him in marriage. Now the familycan only wait for the 45-year-olddrugrunner to come back for his prize. Khalidawanted to be a teacher someday, but that has become impossible. "It′s myfate," the child says.
Afhans disparaginglycall them "loan brides"--daughters given in marriage by fathers whohave no other way out of debt. The practice began with the dowry a bridegroom′sfamily traditionally pays to the bride′s father in tribal Pashtun society.These days the amount ranges from$3,000 or so in poorer places like L
本题解析：
细节题。定位至第三段，根据“debt marriage puts a lastingstain on the honor of the bride and her family．Itbrings shame on the country，too．President Hamid Karzai recently told the nation：‘I call on the people[not to]give their daughters fur money；they shouldn’t give them to old men，and theyshouldn’t give them in forced marriages．…可知．一些家庭为了还债，强迫自己的女儿嫁给老人，这种“债务婚姻”对女孩自己以及家庭来说都是污点、耻辱。故A、B、D项都正确，只有C项不符合事实。
It is no good on dwelling the past. Whatexisted or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may nowbring profound and precious memories, but the past is dead, and it is nothealthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghost. The pastmay also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deedsthat cannot be undone, of sad words like "might have been." However,it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relieved orrepaired. It is unproductive self-punishment. The past must be kept in itsplace, outlive and outgrow.
It is also useless to worry about thefuture. Why fly to heaven before it′s time? What anxious visions haunt peoplewho think too much about the future? They may envision the horrible mushroomcloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the over-populated, abused earthgone dead. They may imagine their own lives going awry; appointments missed;advancements given to someone else; their houses burned to the ground; theirloves lost; everything in their lives, as in a nightmare, slipping away. Thereis no end to the disasters people can worry about when focusing anxiously onthe future. There are events in the future, including their own deaths, overwhich they have little or no control, but which can ruin their lives if theyworry about them. There are some disasters they may be able to prevent, butthey must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying aboutthe future.
The present moment, which is even now movinginto the past, is the only reality I know, and I don′t want to miss it. Thewild cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even mysore throat and backache have meaning. The cool night air, the cracking noiseof my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching--these are the tangible realitiesI can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, thewarm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are th
本题解析：
推断题。根据文章最后一句“What is most important，I believe，is living in the present，that is，being alive now．"可知，作者认为最重要的是活在当下，即珍惜每天身边要相处的一切。
It is no good on dwelling the past. Whatexisted or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may nowbring profound and precious memories, but the past is dead, and it is nothealthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghost. The pastmay also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deedsthat cannot be undone, of sad words like "might have been." However,it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relieved orrepaired. It is unproductive self-punishment. The past must be kept in itsplace, outlive and outgrow.
It is also useless to worry about thefuture. Why fly to heaven before it′s time? What anxious visions haunt peoplewho think too much about the future? They may envision the horrible mushroomcloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the over-populated, abused earthgone dead. They may imagine their own lives going awry; appointments missed;advancements given to someone else; their houses burned to the ground; theirloves lost; everything in their lives, as in a nightmare, slipping away. Thereis no end to the disasters people can worry about when focusing anxiously onthe future. There are events in the future, including their own deaths, overwhich they have little or no control, but which can ruin their lives if theyworry about them. There are some disasters they may be able to prevent, butthey must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying aboutthe future.
The present moment, which is even now movinginto the past, is the only reality I know, and I don′t want to miss it. Thewild cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even mysore throat and backache have meaning. The cool night air, the cracking noiseof my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching--these are the tangible realitiesI can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, thewarm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are th
本题解析：
推断题。定位到第二段，根据“Why fly to heaven before it’stime?…as in a nightmare，slipping a way．"可知，不安的人可能会对未来有很多担心的事情，B和C项都只是其中的一部分。根据“There are events in thefuture，including their own deaths，over which they have little or no control，butwhich Can ruin their lives If they worry about them”可知，人们基本无法控制未来的事情，但如果他们一直过于担心，可能就会毁了自己。是人们对未来的过分担心威胁着人们的生命，故选A。
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